PSIII-15 Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline AA and Reducing Sugars on Nursery Pig Growth Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 171-172
Author(s):  
Kara M Dunmire ◽  
Michaela B Braun ◽  
Yiqin Zhang ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Yonghui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Low Crystalline

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200×400; initially 11.3 kg) were used in an 18-d study to determine the effect of pelleting diets with or without increased concentrations of free amino acids (AA) and reducing sugars (RS) on pig growth performance. There were 9 replications/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), and RS (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grain with solubles and bakery meal included at 20% and 15%, respectively. Diets were pelleted to achieve a conditioning temperature of 86.7°C using a 22.4 kW pellet mill equipped with a 4.7 x 34.9-mm die. Data were analyzed as a CRD using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no 3-way interactions observed. For the main effect of feed form, ADFI decreased (P=0.001) and G:F and caloric efficiency improved (P=0.001) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared to mash diets. For the main effect of crystalline AA, pigs fed diets with high crystalline AA had increased (P< 0.024) ADFI compared to those fed diets with low crystalline AA. For the main effect of RS, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P< 0.041) ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency compared to those fed low RS. In conclusion, there was no evidence of interactions between treatments, indicating that increasing amounts of crystalline AA and RS did not influence the response to pelleted diets. Pigs fed the high RS diets had reduced feed intake which resulted in reduced gain and improved feed and caloric efficiency.

scholarly journals Effect of cleaning corn on mycotoxin concentration and nursery pig growth performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashton D Yoder ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Michael D Tokach ◽  
Chad B Paulk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mycotoxins are naturally-produced hazards that result from molds grown on cereal grains and other commodities. These molds may produce carcinogenic mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. Removing broken kernels has been demonstrated to reduce mycotoxin concentration, but with high variability. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to quantify the magnitude of natural mycotoxin concentration that may be reduced by cleaning corn. Two loads of corn that were naturally contaminated with mycotoxins were procured. Corn for Experiment 1 was contaminated with aflatoxin (1,074 parts per billion; ppb), fumonisin (8.3 parts per million; ppm), and ochratoxin A (206 ppb), while corn for Experiment 2 was contaminated with only fumonisin (5.5 ppm). Corn was cleaned by mechanical sieving. For each experiment, corn was divided into twenty 150 kg runs. Runs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments: 1) no screen 2) 12.7 mm screen, 3) 4.8 mm screen, and 4) 12.7 + 4.8-mm screen. The corn cleaner was sanitized between runs. Three 5 kg corn samples were collected from each run, and analyzed for mycotoxin concentration. In Experiment 1, cleaning reduced (P < 0.05) aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration by an average of 26% and 45%, respectively, compared to the original uncleaned corn level, but did not impact (P > 0.10) ochratoxin A. The resultant screenings had nearly 4 times the aflatoxin (4,224 ppb) and 7.5 times the fumonisin concentration (60.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. In Experiment 2, cleaning reduced (P < 0.05) fumonisin concentration by 32%. The resultant screenings had 19.6 times the fumonisin concentration (65.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. To determine the effect that cleaning corn may have on nursery pig growth performance, 360 nursery pigs were used in Experiment 3 to evaluate the impact of cleaning or pelleting on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn type (uncleaned vs. cleaned) and feed form (mash vs. pelleted from either mill A or B). Neither cleaning corn nor pellet mill type affected (P > 0.19) nursery pig growth performance. Pelleting improved (P < 0.0001) gain to feed ratio (G:F) by 7.6% compared to mash diets. These data suggest that cleaning is an effective method to legally reduce aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration, but does not impact animal growth performance. Screenings should be used cautiously when feeding to animals.

scholarly journals 78 Low allergenic full fat soybean as a suitable replacement for fishmeal in weaned pig diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
Katelyn M Zeamer ◽  
Ryan S Samuel ◽  
Robert C Thaler ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo ◽  
Crystal L Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Anova Model ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Ground Soybean ◽  
Weaned Pig ◽  
Phase Data ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract This study evaluated a low allergen (P34 protein) and low anti-nutritional factor (trypsin inhibitor and lectin) in both soybean meal form (LASBM) and full fat ground soybean form (LAGR) as substitutes for fishmeal (FM) in nursery pig diets based on growth performance. Weaned pigs (n = 112; 7.30 ± 0.43 kg BW) were allotted to 28 pens (2 barrows and 2 gilts per pen) by initial BW. Pens (n = 7/diet) were randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments in 2 phases (Ph1 = 5d, Ph2 = 13d): control diet containing FM (7.25%, Ph1; 6%, Ph2), and LASBM, LAGR or conventional SBM substituted for FM to supply an equivalent portion of crude protein. Pigs received a common Ph3 diet (18 d). Pig weight and feed disappearance was determined by phase. Data was analyzed as a one-way ANOVA. Model included main effect of diet with pen as experimental unit. In Ph1, pigs fed FM had lower (P < 0.01) ADG than LAGR or SBM and lower (P < 0.01) ADFI than all diets. In Ph2, SBM-fed pigs had higher (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI compared to all treatments. Pigs previously fed LAGR tended to have higher gain (P < 0.10) than pigs previously fed LASBM in Ph3. There were no differences in gain:feed between diets. Based on growth performance, LAGR would be suitable replacement for FM in nursery diets.

scholarly journals PSI-33 Effect of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig growth performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Ashton Yoder ◽  
Cassandra K Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Pellet Diameter ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Feed ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract A total of 350 nursery pigs (initially 7.6 kg BW) were used in a 28-d trial to evaluate the effects of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 10 pens/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. The 7 treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design plus a mash control, with the factors of pellet diameter (4.0 mm vs. 4.8 mm), and conditioning temperature (low, medium, vs. high). Phase 1 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 66°C, and 77°C, while phase 2 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 71°C, and 88°C for low, medium, and high, respectively. Pigs were fed phase 1 from d 0 to 14, which contained 10% spray dried whey, while phase 2 was fed from d 14 to 28, which did not contain milk products. Pig weights and feed disappearance were recorded weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Pellet diameter did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) nursery pig growth performance. Pigs fed pelleted diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) G:F than those fed mash diets. During phase 1 and overall, there were no significant (P &gt; 0.05) interactive or main effects. However, conditioning phase 2 diets at lower temperatures improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F than medium and high conditioning temperatures. In conclusion, pelleting improves nursery pig feed efficiency. To maximize nursery pig feed efficiency, phase 2 diets should be conditioned at relatively low temperatures.

scholarly journals 199 Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline Amino Acids and Reducing Sugars on Digestibility in Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
Kara M Dunmire ◽  
Diego A Lopez ◽  
Chance J Fiehler ◽  
Yiqin Zhang ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Low Crystalline ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine effects of pelleting on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in diets with or without increased concentrations of free AA and reducing sugars (RS). Eight individually housed, ileal cannulated barrows (initially 69.2 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8×8 Latin square with 8 diets and eight 7-d periods with ileal digesta collected on d 6 and 7. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), or reducing sugars (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grains with solubles and bakery meal. Diets were pelleted to achieve a hot pellet temperature of 85 to 88°C. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized Latin square using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. A feed form×RS interaction (P &lt; 0.026) for SID of tryptophan was observed. Feeding pelleted low RS diets improved SID of tryptophan compared with mash high and low RS diets, and pelleted high RS diets. For main effects of feed form, the SID of total AA, CP, and indispensable AA increased (P &lt; 0.042) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared with mash diets. For main effects of crystalline AA, pigs fed high crystalline AA had increased (P = 0.007) SID of tryptophan and decreased (P = 0.050) SID of histidine compared with those fed low crystalline AA diets. For main effects of RS diets, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) SID of total AA, CP and indispensable AA. In conclusion, pelleting diets with increased crystalline AA or RS did not affect the improvement in AA digestibility from pelleting. Pelleting diets improved AA digestibility. Diets formulated with high crystalline AA had increased SID of tryptophan. Formulating diets with high RS resulted in decreased AA digestibility compared with corn-soybean meal-based diets.

scholarly journals Effects of dried distillers grain with solubles on nursery pig performance

2006 ◽  
pp. 100-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Linneen ◽  
M U Steidinger ◽  
Michael D Tokach ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

Effects of Pellet Processing Parameters on Pellet Quality and Nursery Pig Growth Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Ashton D. Yoder ◽  
Charles R. Stark ◽  
Mike D. Tokach ◽  
Cassandra K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Pellet Diameter ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. During the pelleting process, conditioning temperature can influence nutrient availability and pellet durability index (PDI). However, the impact of conditioning temperature on nursery pig growth performance is variable. Therefore, the objectives of two experiments were to: (1) compare moisture percentage among three pellet mill series, and (2) quantify growth performance differences in nursery pigs due to diet form (mash vs. pelleted), conditioning temperature (low, medium, and high), and pellet diameter (4.0 mm and 5.2 mm). Experiment 1 was a 3 × 4 factorial design with three pellet mill series of decreasing capacity (medium, small, and experimental-scale; California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, Indiana, for a medium, small, and experimental pellet mill, respectively) that produced samples collected at four locations (initial, post-conditioner, post-die, and post-cooling). Three runs were completed on each pellet mill, with the shutdown of the pellet mill indicating the end of a run. Three samples were collected from each location per run, for a total of 36 samples. Experiment 2 used 350 nursery pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 7.6 kg) in a 28 d experiment fed two phases, with a phase change at day 14. Seven treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus an unpelleted mash control, with the factors of pellet diameter (4.0 mm and 5.2 mm) and conditioning temperature (low, medium, and high). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4). In experiment 1, there was a significant pellet mill × location interaction (p = 0.012) for moisture percentage. Because moisture is added via steam at the conditioner, only the conditioning location results are described. Regardless of pellet mill type, moisture was highest in conditioned samples. However, conditioned samples from the experimental-sized pellet mill had over 1% greater (p &lt; 0.05) moisture than samples from the medium and small pellet mills. This increase in moisture is one reason why higher (p &lt; 0.05) PDI values were found in pellets from the experimental pellet mill compared to the medium and small pellet mills. In experiment 2, increasing conditioning temperature improved (p &lt; 0.0001) PDI. The interaction of pellet diameter × conditioning temperature did not impact (p &gt; 0.10) overall nursery pig feed efficiency (G:F). However, for overall G:F, both main effects tended to be significant (p &lt; 0.10), which was caused by pigs having greater (p &lt; 0.05) G:F when fed larger-diameter pellets conditioned at a low temperature, compared to pigs fed smaller-diameter pellets conditioned at a high temperature. Regardless of parameter, pigs fed pelleted diets had 4.5% greater (p &lt; 0.05) G:F than those fed mash diets. In summary, pellet mill size is important to consider when evaluating factors that impact pellet quality, such as percentage moisture. Increasing conditioning temperature is one method to improve PDI, but there was a tendency to reduce nursery pig G:F when feeding two phases of diets in a 28 d study. In conclusion, conditioning feed at lower temperatures may improve nursery pig G:F when starting pigs on a new diet. Keywords: Moisture, Pelleting, Starch.

scholarly journals 263 Effects of soybean meal level on growth performance of 11- to 25-kg nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 87-88
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in diets with or without 25% DDGS on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5, 32.5, or 37.5%) and DDGS (0 or 25%). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs, initially 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg, were used and there were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The average cull rate was 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0% and the mortality rate was 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, and 0% in Exp. 1 to 4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistent across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG, but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments. The mechanism for this response is unclear but could be driven by intrinsic components of SBM or underestimating the energy value of SBM.

scholarly journals Physicochemical characterisation of kafirins extracted from sorghum grain and dried distillers grain with solubles related to their biomaterial functionality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Shah ◽  
Deepak Dwivedi ◽  
Mark Hackett ◽  
Hani Al-Salami ◽  
Ranjeet P. Utikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Polypeptide Profile

AbstractKafirin, the hydrophobic prolamin storage protein in sorghum grain is enriched when the grain is used for bioethanol production to give dried distillers grain with solubles (DGGS) as a by-product. There is great interest in DDGS kafirin as a new source for biomaterials. There is however a lack of fundamental understanding of how the physicochemical properties of DDGS kafirin having been exposed to the high temperature conditions during ethanol production, compare to kafirin made directly from the grain. An understanding of these properties is required to catalyse the utilisation of DDGS kafirin for biomaterial applications. The aim of this study was to extract kafirin directly from sorghum grain and from DDGS derived from the same grain and, then perform a comparative investigation of the physicochemical properties of these kafirins in terms of: polypeptide profile by sodium-dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; secondary structure by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, self-assembly behaviour by small-angle x-ray scattering, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy and surface chemical properties by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. DDGS kafirin was found to have very similar polypeptide profile as grain kafirin but contained altered secondary structure with increased levels of β-sheets. The structure morphology showed surface fractals and surface elemental composition suggesting enhanced reactivity with possibility to endow interfacial wettability. These properties of DDGS kafirin may provide it with unique functionality and thus open up opportunities for it to be used as a novel food grade biomaterial.

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