Phonological Variation and Change in European French

We discuss here the considerable amount of phonological variation and change in European French in the varieties spoken in France, Belgium, and Switzerland, the major francophone countries of Europe. The data discussed here derive from the perceptual and especially behavioral studies that have sought to extend the Labovian paradigm beyond Anglo-American variable linguistic phenomena to bear upon Romance. Regarding France, what emerges is a surprisingly high degree of uniformity in pronunciation, at least over the non-southern part of the country, and most Southern French varieties are also showing convergence to the Parisian norm. Pockets of resistance to this tendency are nevertheless observable. The Belgian and Swiss situations have in common the looming presence of a supralocal and indeed supranational norm playing a role often attested in other discussions of standard or legitimized languages, that of the variety representing what commonly corresponds to the nonlocal. Indeed, it may be that Belgium and Switzerland typify the local–standard relation most often reported, while the French situation, because of its relatively leveled character, is less easily described as one of standardization.

Implications of new phase transitions approach onto specific black holes

Among many open questions in theoretical physics, consistent quantum gravity theory is still a major issue to be solved. Recent major works in phase transitions of black holes (BH) can be helpful for quantum interpretation of classical gravity. We study the new effective method to discuss the thermodynamic phase transitions onto well renowned regular BHs. Ordinary approaches of phase transitions depend upon equation of state and it is impossible to obtain all critical points with ordinary approaches. This study is derived from the slope of temperature versus entropy and it provides the possibility of finding all the critical points analytically. This technique provides pressure, which is different from standard relation of pressure and independent of other thermodynamical relations. We discuss some issues in ordinary methods and provide an easy approach to investigate the critical behavior of thermodynamical quantities. We find out the phase transitions points and horizon radii of non-physical range for BHs. We also use the new thermodynamical relations to briefly study well-known Joule–Thomson (JT) effect on regular BH.

Spatial information extraction from travel narratives: Analysing the notion of co-occurrence indicating closeness of tourist places

Recent advancements in social media have generated a myriad of unstructured geospatial data. Travel narratives are among the richest sources of such spatial clues. They are also a reflection of writers’ interaction with places. One of the prevalent ways to model this interaction is a points of interest (POIs) graph depicting popular POIs and routes. A relevant notion is that frequent pairwise occurrences of POIs indicate their geographic proximity. This work presents an empirical interpretation of this theory and constructs spatially enriched POI graphs, a clear augmentation to popularity-based POI graphs. A triplet pattern, rule-based spatial relation extraction technique SpatRE is proposed and compared with standard relation extraction systems Ollie and Stanford OpenIE. A travel blogs data set is also contributed containing labelled spatial relations. The performance is further evaluated on SemEval 2013 benchmark data sets. Finally, spatially enriched POI graphs are qualitatively compared with TripAdvisor and Google Maps to visualise information accuracy.

Determination of Young’s Modulus of Aluminium, Copper, Iron, Brass and Steel Alloys by Using Double Exposure Holographic Interferometry (DEHI) Technique

Double Exposure Holographic Interferometry (DEHI) technique has wide applications in the field of science and engineering. DEHI can be used to determine very small surface changes in an object at very small interval of time. In present case, DEHI technique is used to record the hologram of the same object at different times subjected to different loads. This method has been advantageously used to determine Young’s Modulus (Y) of Aluminium, Copper, iron, brass and some steel alloys. It is found that the values of Y obtained by using DEHI technique are in close agreement with standard values of Y available for respective metals and their alloys. The method is also used to make standard relation between effect of carbon composition and Y of steel alloys.

Cauchy formula for the time-varying linear systems with caputo derivative

In the paper, existence, uniqueness and a Cauchy formula for the solution to a time-varying linear system containing fractional Caputo derivative is obtained. This formula shows that nonnegativity of the data of the system implies nonnegativity of the solution. In the context of a strenghthening of this result, an example illustrating the absence (in the case of Caputo derivative) of the standard relation “monotonicity of function - sign of derivative”.

Questions as information types

This paper argues that questions have an important role to to play in logic, both semantically and proof-theoretically. Semantically, we show that by generalizing the classical notion of entailment to questions, we can capture not only the standard relation of logical consequence, which holds between pieces of information, but also the relation of logical dependency, which holds between information types. Proof-theoretically, we show that questions may be used in inferences as placeholders for arbitrary information of a given type; by manipulating such placeholders, we may construct formal proofs of dependencies. Finally, we show that such proofs have a specific kind of constructive content: they do not just witness the existence of a certain dependency, but actually encode a method for transforming information of the types described by the assumptions into information of the type described by the conclusion.

Explicit generators for the relation module in the example of Gruenberg–Linnell

Gruenberg and Linnell showed that the standard relation module of a free product of n groups of the form Cr × $\mathbb{Z}$ could be generated by just n + 1 generators, raising the possibility of a relation gap. We explicitly give such a set of generators.

RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI REKOMENDASI PEMBELIAN LAPTOP DENGAN METODE FUZZY DATABASE MODEL TAHANI BERBASIS WEB

A laptop is a computer that looks compact, small, lightweight and easy to carry anywhere. But choosing a laptop is not an easy thing for consumers who want to have a laptop as per the specifications and budget of the consumer finance. Therefore the purpose of this research is to build a web-based application that can give recommendation to purchasers or consumers as needed. The application is built by using PHP programming language and implementing the Fuzzy Database Tahani model which is still using the standard relation of fuzzy logic, and also using MySQL database for the data storage. It is found that the Fuzzy Database Tahani model can be implemented on the application built on to give a correct recommendation for the consumers.

Sub-Boundary Mobilities during Recovery of Binary Al-Mn Alloys

Two, high purity, Al-0.1 and 0.3wt%Mn alloys have been cold deformed in plane strain compression to strains of order 1.8 and the kinetics of subsequent recovery by sub-grain coarsening during annealing at 150-300°C measured by high resolution FEG-SEM EBSD. Accurate sub-grain size and misorientation distributions and their evolution with time and temperature have been determined. The average growth rates are then used to estimate the sub-grain boundary mobilities. Growth is analyzed by two well-known growth laws for the average sub-grain size δ (t): i) the standard relation for grain growth: where the exponent n takes values of 2-8 and ii) the relation proposed by Nes for dislocation climb in sub-grain walls: It is shown that the latter relation gives a better fit with the data in terms of the time and temperature dependence of the sub-grain sizes. In particular the activation energies for the logarithmic law are much closer to the values expected for solute-controlled movement of sub-boundaries.