Bulk versus Contact Doping in Organic Semiconductors

This study presents a comparative theoretical analysis of different doping schemes in organic semiconductor devices. Especially, an in-depth investigation into bulk and contact doping methods is conducted, focusing on their direct impact on the terminal characteristics of field-effect transistors. We use experimental data from a high-performance undoped organic transistor to prepare a base simulation framework and carry out a series of predictive simulations with various position- and density-dependent doping conditions. Bulk doping is shown to offer an overall effective current modulation, while contact doping proves to be rather useful to overcome high-barrier contacts. We additionally demonstrate the concept of selective channel doping as an alternative and establish a critical understanding of device performances associated with the key electrostatic features dictated by interfaces and applied voltages.

Functional Electrical Stimulation dengan Pulsa Biphasic Untuk Membantu Fungsi Ekstremitas Atas Pasien Pasca Stroke

Stroke or nerve function disorders caused by disruption of blood flow to the brain that arises suddenly or quickly with symptoms or signs that correspond to the affected area. One of the post-stroke rehabilitation using electrical stimulation, also known as an electro stimulator. This study aims to design Functional electrical stimulation (FES), which aims to stimulate the peripheral nervous system with biphasic pulses. Stimulation for patients with MMT 1 was optimal at a frequency of 22-30 Hz. In post-stroke patients with MMT inclusion characteristics 0-3, a minimum voltage, frequency and pulse width value of 200 Vp, 22 Hz, and 20 s is required with a power of 0.00146 Watt. Studies have shown that this electro stimulator device had good accuracy and has high peak voltage values and low effective current. It can be considered because it provides comfort and safety for medical therapy equipment.

Design of Window Grille Shape-Based Multiband Antenna for Mobile Terminals

Combined with the classic Chinese window grille structure, this paper proposes and designs a multiband microstrip antenna that can be used in wireless mobile terminal equipment. The antenna radiator adopts a rectangular bending structure with four loops, which increases the effective current path of the antenna radiator in a limited space, so that the overall antenna is miniaturized. The branch structure of the four-ring phase set increases the current path of the antenna, making the antenna multiband. The electromagnetic simulation software HFSS was used for antenna modeling and parameter optimization, and the influence of the feed structure, feed mode, and ground plate shape on the antenna was compared and analyzed. The test results show that the antenna can cover four bands, 0.85–1.1 GHz, 1.2–1.8 GHz, 2.40–2.7 GHz, and 5.05–6.3 GHz, and produce 6 main frequency points, 0.9 GHz, 1.3 GHz, 1.6 GHz, 2.55 GHz, 5.3 GHz, and 6.05 GHz. The antenna can cover various navigation systems, Bluetooth, WLAN, ISM frequency band, and 5G (5.725–5.825 GHz).

On the Nature of Quality in the Contexts of Academic Publication and Sustainability

Six experienced academic reviewers and editors explored the nature of quality in academic publication processes in the contexts of sustainability, education for sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article documents their exploration as a collaborative autoethnography structured around the authors’ personal reflections on matters such as: how current quality indicators define the quality of academic publications; how effective current quality assurance processes may be; how congruent open access publication processes may be with the ideals of sustainability and of the SDGs; and about what new and different indicators of quality might look like. An inductive analysis of their reflections yielded three emergent and reoccurring themes: casting doubt on the fitness for purpose of current academic publication processes and means to assure their quality; seeking justice for all involved in academic publication; and creating opportunities for change. In writing this article, authors considered these themes and how academia might address them.

A review of high ideality factor in gallium nitride-based light-emitting diode

Theory concerning the high ideality factor of gallium nitride (GaN) based light- emitting diode (LED) has been reviewed. The presence of a high ideality factor indicates a large forward voltage that results in efficiency reduction. The paper suggests that tunneling is the main reason defining the exponential behaviour of current-voltage measurements, which leads to a high ideality factor. However, there is also a paper that suggests that the design of current geometry in the LED chip defines the value of ideality factor. An effective current spreading geometry in the LED chip will minimize the ideality factor and make it fall between the ideal range of 1 to 2. Besides, how the ideality factor is calculated will also play a major role in defining its value. By calculating the ideality factor based solely on the radiative recombination current formula, the value of ideality factor can result in an ideal ideality factor of 1.08.

Nanoparticles and Nanocrystals by Supercritical CO2-Assisted Techniques for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review

Many active ingredients currently prescribed show limited therapeutic efficacy, mainly due to their dissolution rate inadequate to treat the pathology of interest. A large drug particle size creates an additional problem if a specific site of action in the human body has to be reached. For this reason, active ingredient size reduction using micronization/nanonization techniques is a valid approach to improve the efficacy of active compounds. Supercritical carbon-dioxide-assisted technologies enable the production of different morphologies of different sizes, including nanoparticles and nanocrystals, by modulating operating conditions. Supercritical fluid-based processes have numerous advantages over techniques conventionally employed to produce nanosized particles or crystals, such as reduced use of toxic solvents, which are completely removed from the final product, ensuring safety for patients. Active compounds can be processed alone by supercritical techniques, although polymeric carriers are often added as stabilizers, to control the drug release on the basis of the desired therapeutic effect, as well as to improve drug processability with the chosen technology. This updated review on the application of supercritical micronization/nanonization techniques in the pharmaceutical field aims at highlighting the most effective current results, operating conditions, advantages, and limitations, providing future perspectives.

The Role of Social Media in Event Marketing

Activities, which include events that are not all intangible, include large-scale service components, and hence, their marketing includes service marketing. From this point of view, it is possible to state that it is very difficult to market activities that the participants cannot take home and consume physically. In this context, it is very important that the event marketing activities convey the feeling to the target audience that they will have fun and be entertained. Therefore, social media is one of the most important tools used in the effective transfer of the organization to the target audience within the scope of event marketing activities. As the most effective current communication and interaction tool, social media has become the most important tool for event marketers who are trying to appeal to large audiences and promote a certain destination, product, or service.