Effects of vegetation covers for outdoor thermal improvement: A Case Study at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

Frequent increases in temperature and related consequences have been the trending phenomenon for over ten decades, with a general rise of about 0.740C. This study evaluates the effects of different percentage covers of tree canopies for outdoor thermal improvement of campus areas in Bauchi, Nigeria. Firstly, the study involves on-site measurement of existing features on the site and the climatic conditions. Secondly, performing simulation for evaluation of the plant-surface-atmosphere interactions with Envi-met Version 4.4.2. The vegetation effects were evaluated for outdoor air temperature and mean radiant temperature (MRT) reduction. It is found that the maximum air temperature reduction of 3.380C and 24.240C of MRT were achieved with up to 45% tree canopy coverage. The mean air temperature and MRT reduction of 0.630C and 4.800C were respectively achieved with the same percentage coverage of the canopies. However, it was found that the thermal reduction effects of vegetation do not apply to every hour of the day. In essence, proper planning and implementation of campus outdoor spaces is the key factor in improving its thermal conditions. Thus, adhering to the practical recommendations bring a significant improvement in ameliorating the rise in atmospheric temperature on campus outdoors.

FEATURES OF STRUCTURE FORMATION IN THE JOINING ZONE OF COPPER-STEEL COMPOSITE COPPER M3 + STEEL 30CRMNSIA AFTER EXPLOSION WELDING AND THERMAL IMPROVEMENT

The results of optical and electron microscopic metallographic studies and energy-dispersive analysis of the structure and composition in the zone of connection of copper M3 with steel 30 CrMnSiA after explosion welding, subsequent quenching from a temperature of 880 ° C and high tempering at a temperature of 520 ° C are presented. The change in the distribution of hardness and chemical elements over the cross section of the bimetal, the formation of martensite in melts after quenching and its decomposition during high tempering are shown.

Review of the effect of sand on the behavior of expansive clayey soils

Clayey soils often showed undesirable engineering behavior such as low bearing capacity, swelling and shrinkage characteristics. However, chemical improvement, thermal improvement and improvement by additives like lime, cement and sand offer an efficient technique to overcome the problems resulting from Expansive soils. This paper presents a review of the swelling behavior of sand-clay mixtures as well as the effect of sand on the physical and mechanical characteristics of expansive soils. Results highlight the importance of sand in improving the behavior of expansive soils. Finally, the most important general conclusions about the behavior of expansive soils and suggestions for future researches are highlighted.

Enhanced heat transfer in H2O inspired by Al2O3 and γAl2O3 nanomaterials and effective nanofluid models

Currently, thermal improvement in the nanofluids over a curved Riga sheet is a topic of interest and attained popularity among the researchers. Therefore, the colloidal suspension of water suspended by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] over a curved Riga surface is modeled for the heat transfer analysis. The nondimensionalization of the model is accomplished via invertible variables. On the basis of dynamic viscosities and thermal conductivities of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] nanoparticles, two nanofluid models developed over a semi-infinite region. Then, the models solved numerically and found graphical results for the flow characteristics, thermophysical properties and local thermal performance rate by altering the pertinent flow parameters. It is examined that the fluid motion rapidly decreases for [Formula: see text] and momentum boundary layer region decreases. The squeezed and curvature parameters lead to reduce in the nanofluid velocity. The temperature of more magnetized enhances significantly. Thermophysical characteristics of the nanofluids enhance for higher volumetric fraction factor. More heat transfer at the Riga surface for higher M and R.

Application of the Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Modeling to Forecast Energy Efficiency in Real Buildings Undergoing Thermal Improvement

Energy efficiency in the building industry is related to the amount of energy that can be saved through thermal improvement. Therefore, it is important to determine the energy saving potential of the buildings to be thermally upgraded in order to check whether the set targets for the amount of energy saved will be reached after the implementation of corrective measures. In real residential buildings, when starting to make energy calculations, one can often encounter the problem of incomplete architectural documentation and inaccurate data characterizing the object in terms of thermal (thermal resistance of partitions) and usable (number of inhabitants). Therefore, there is a need to search for methods that will be suitable for quick technical analysis of measures taken to improve energy efficiency in existing buildings. The aim of this work was to test the usefulness of the type Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models of inference model for predicting the energy efficiency of actual residential buildings that have undergone thermal improvement. For the group of 109 buildings a specific set of important variables characterizing the examined objects was identified. The quality of the prediction models developed for various combinations of input variables has been evaluated using, among other things, statistical calibration standards developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). The obtained results were compared with other prediction models (based on the same input data sets) using artificial neural networks and rough sets theory.

Augmentation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in corrugated Channel: A Review Study

The corrugation configuration played an important role in heat transfer enhancement in many engineering applications such as heat exchangers, microchannel heat sink, solar collectors, etc. The significance of the corrugation configuration is manifested in its ability to offer a larger heat transfer area more than a straight channel. Besides, the periodic interruption and redeveloping of the thermal boundary layer which is an important feature offered by corrugation is remarkably enhanced the heat transfer. The researchers were keen to take advantage of these features and develop them by manipulating geometrical parameters to obtain the optimal results. The current work aims to collect available research data, which focused on improving heat transfer in corrugated channels and identifying the most important factors affecting the performance of corrugated channels. Among the studied shapes of the various operating conditions of the corrugated channels, the researchers unanimously agreed that the trapezoidal shape of the corrugations gives the best thermal improvement with a reasonable pressure drop inside the channels.