Hydro-Technologies of Mehrgarh, Baluchistan and Indus Valley Civilizations, Punjab, Pakistan (ca. 7000–1500 BC)

Weather and climate have been participating in an imperative function in both the expansion and crumple of mankind civilizations diagonally across the globe ever since the prehistoric eras. The Neolithic Mehrgarh (ca. 7000–2500 BC) and Balochistan and Indus Valley civilizations (ca. 2500–1500 BC), in Sindh Province in Pakistan, have been the spotlight of explorations to historians, anthropologists, and archeologists in terms of their origin, development, and collapse. However, very rare consideration has been given previously to the role of weather and climate, sanitation, and wastewater technologies in highlighting the lessons of these formerly well-developed ancient metropolitan civilizations. This study presents an existing climate of the archaeological sites, sanitation, and wastewater technologies to recognize the different elements that influenced the evolution of the civilization mystery. In addition, it is recommended that the weather and climate conditions in southwest Asia were the foremost controlling element in resolving the destiny of the Indus and Mehrgarh civilizations. Furthermore, the rural tradition was mostly adapted by the increasing rate of western depressions (winter rains), as well as monsoon precipitation in the region. The factors that affected the climate of both civilizations with the passage of time might be population growth, resource conflicts, technological advancement, industrial revolution, Aryan invasion, deforestation, migration, disasters, and sociocultural advancement. The communities residing in both civilizations had well developed agriculture, sanitation, water management, wells, baths, toilets, dockyards, and waterlogging systems and were the master of the water art.

A preliminary design method for axisymmetric turbomachinery disks based on topology optimization

The topology optimization can be used to obtain preliminary turbomachinery disk designs which meet strength requirement. In order to eliminate enclosed holes which challenge manufacturing processes and to ensure distinct solid-void interface in the optimal result obtained by the topology optimization, a density distribution function is introduced for each element column in the design domain. Then, a parameter in each function is used to determine the disk’s thickness at corresponding radial position by controlling element densities. Once thicknesses at all radial positions are optimized, the shape of disk is thus determined. In this way, the optimization problem can be simplified by using these parameters as design variables. Illustrative examples are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in designing both compressor disks and turbine disks in comparison to the software T-Axis Disk and shape optimization method.

Improvement of Delivery Reliability by an Intelligent Control Loop between Supply Network and Manufacturing

Manufacturing companies operate in an environment characterized as increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous. At the same time, their customer orientation makes it increasingly important to ensure high delivery reliability. Manufacturing sites within a supply network must therefore be resilient against events from the supply network. This requires deeper integration between the supply network and manufacturing control. Therefore, this article presents a concept to connect supply network and manufacturing more closely by integrating events from the supply network into manufacturing control’s decisions. In addition to the requirements, the concept describes the structure of the system as a control loop, a reinforcement learning-based controlling element as the central decision-making component, and the integration into the existing production IT landscape of a company as well as with latest internet of things (IoT) devices and cyber-physical systems. The benefits of the concept were elaborated in expert workshops. In summary, this approach enables an effective and efficient response to events from the supply network through smarter manufacturing control, and thus more resilient manufacturing.

Control of quality and modes of power supply systems using contactless devices

The article discusses the issues of creating contactless switching devices for automatic quality control and operation modes of power supply systems, using the developed contactless thyristor voltage relays, characterized by high reliability and speed, combining a sensitive system and a powerful final controlling element. Schemes with operating principles and experimental characteristics are given. It is proposed to use it to automatically turn on or off the booster transformer winding when the input voltage changes to maintain the rated voltage of electricity consumers, as well as to create a power regulator for capacitor banks of reactive energy compensating devices.

Transformation of management in the conditions of digitalization processes and artificial intelligence

The goal of this research consists in studying the influence of digitalization processes upon generally recognized (“classical”) management approaches, as a management science in a narrow sense, or the impact of control subsystem upon management subsystem for achieving the set goals (in a broad sense of understanding managerial impact). The object of this research is the transforming (under the influence of digital technologies) management science. The subject of this research is a set of conceptual economic, organizational and managerial relations established in the process of development and influence of digital technologies upon the basic provisions of management science. The author applies systemic, procedural and comprehensive scientific approaches with corresponding tools, as well as the theory of information objects. The following conclusions were made: 1) in the conditions of digitalization, increases the effectiveness of management decisions based on implementation of digital technologies, and in particularly of algorithms and capabilities of artificial intelligence; 2) polarization of society increases, which entails a very limited by a number of top management pyramid control subsystem, represented by the initiator, developer, controlling element, and the lower part – represented by service users, and object of management influence.; 3) management system becomes self-sufficient, since it already incorporates a set of all possible variables in implementation of managerial acts with regards to “formalized” object of influence. The action of object in predetermined digital environment forms the competences of existence therein, depriving an individual of the creative beginning and the ability to think and act independently; 4) paradigm of the classical school of management (with prevalence of personal communication skills for influencing the managed system) is replaced with the paradigm of formalized-algorithmized and depersonalized management of focus groups carried out by artificial intelligence.

Simulation of Fe3O4-H2O nanoliquid in a triangular enclosure subjected to Cattaneo–Christov theory of heat conduction

Purpose The purpose of this research is to describe the importance of the Cattaneo–Christov theory of heat conduction in a triangular enclosure with a semi-circular heater. Analysis subjected to Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid is reported. Viscosity dependent on magnetic field is taken into consideration to simulate ferrofluid viscosity. Besides, heat generation and shape factor of nanoparticles are also considered. Design/methodology/approach The well-known control volume finite element method is used for simulations. Findings The outcomes reveal that the magnetic field can be introduced to the system as a controlling element. Originality/value No such analysis exists in the literature.

Electroencephalograph based Control and Feature Extraction Algorithms for Automated Powered Exoskeleton

Mobility and the posture are the major concern for people suffering from endo skeleton disorders. For such people, exoskeleton provides great support and protection. Mostly Exoskeletons are used for the rehabilitation purposes and can improve the life of an individual who has lost his body part and thus help in assistance. In this article, various technologies which are mainly used for the implementation and performance of exoskeleton are reviewed. The systems are compared based on their accuracy and work reliability. The work discusses the machine used, the movement for which the system is tested, the training algorithms used by different researchers, the input control for the system, controlling element for the system, and their advantages. Various training algorithms are also discussed based on the feature extraction techniques which are used to obtain features from the pre-processed brain signals such as EEG, iEEG, EMG. Applying these features in the training model and robot system and testing of the system in real time or pre obtained data. This research paper is written with the intention to differentiate various techniques used and to analyse the best possible technique for conducting the biomechanical operations processes on the robot and to get the user with the most accurate and reliable system which can be used in daily life. These exoskeletons have their application in the field of medicine , military and even help firefighters for various purposes.

TYPHABOARD in the Restoration of Historic Black Sea Houses in Bulgaria

TYPHABOARD is a sustainable construction and thermal insulation board made of cattail (lat. typha) and magnesite as a binder. It is characterized by a unique combination of high mechanical strength, highly insulating properties, relatively high diffusion openness, inflammability, and a sustainable lifecycle. The TYPHABOARD concept includes ecological benefits related to the systematic planting of the raw material typha in Bulgaria, the production of TYPHABOARD, and its application as a stabilizing, insulating and passive indoor climate controlling element in the framework structure of the historic typology of the Black Sea House. The entire technological and organizational process provides a sustainable solution for the operation of peat areas by planting typha (which acts as a natural water and ground filter), for the engagement of work forces in structurally underdeveloped regions, for sustainable ecological and social regional development, as well as for the sustainable retrofit of existing historic Black Sea Houses. The building and ecological system TYPHABOARD can be successfully introduced and applied in Bulgaria. In addition to the scientific and the practical study, the political eligibility of this was proved and officially permitted by the relevant public bodies in Bulgaria.

Theoretical analysis of steady state operating forces in control valves

The controlling components, such as valves are used to regulate controlled fluid power. It is not always possible to calculate valve forces accurately, and with some types of valves even the existence of certain types of forces cannot be predicted with certainty. In many cases, however, the analysis can be made fairly completely and accurately. The assumption of steady state conditions is valid for the valve alone, but transient effects in the rest of the system may be large. These effects are particularly important with regard to the instability of valves, where the system may react on the valve in such a way as to make it squeal or oscillate, sometimes with large amplitude. The origin of the steady state flow force understood from a brief qualitative explanation. The following paper will summarize much of what is known about valve forces in the spool type controlling element.