Fishers and whales in Iceland

In Iceland, as in many places globally, the detrimental impacts of whale interactions with fishing gear on both fisheries and whales are not well understood and managed. This study conducted anonymous questionnaires of Icelandic fishers and interviews of capelin purse seine boat captains to gather first-hand knowledge of the issues fishers face due to whale interaction with their fishing gear. Results suggest that the humpback whale is the large whale species that is most often entangled or encircled in fishing gear and causing damage, however on occasion other large whale species are interacting with gear as well. Interactions between humpback whales and fishing gear appears to be primarily concentrated in the north/northeast and southwest of the country where there is high fishing effort and known humpback whale feeding habitat. Humpback whale interactions with gear occurred most often with capelin purse seines, which are targeting humpback whale prey, and data suggests that bycatch of whales in this fishery may be underreported. Damage and losses due to whale collisions with gear were reported to cost fishers up to 55.000.000ISK, suggesting this can be a costly issue for which mitigation measures should be explored. The use of acoustic “pingers” is one mitigation measure that has been previously tested by capelin purse-seiners and is something that captains indicated they would be interested in continuing to try. The creation of a whale entanglement/whale-gear interaction reporting system in Iceland would aid in gathering more data and quantifying how often these events are witnessed and what the consequences of these events are to both the fishers and the whales. This study provides new information about the consequences of large whale interactions with Icelandic fisheries and suggests that future collaboration with fishers can provide insight contributing to best management practices for sustainable fishing and whale conservation.

Behavioural and energetic consequences of competition among three overwintering swan (Cygnus spp.) species

Background Winter numbers of the northwest European population of Bewick’s Swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) declined recently by c. 40%. During the same period, numbers of two sympatric and ecologically-similar congeners, the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) and Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) showed increases or stability. It has been suggested that these opposing population trends could have a causal relationship, as Mute and Whooper Swans are larger and competitively dominant to Bewick’s Swans in foraging situations. If so, effects of competition of Mute and Whooper Swans on Bewick’s Swans should be detectable as measurable impacts on behaviour and energetics. Methods Here, we studied the diurnal behaviour and energetics of 1083 focal adults and first-winter juveniles (“cygnets”) of the three swan species on their winter grounds in eastern England. We analysed video recordings to derive time-activity budgets and these, together with estimates of energy gain and expenditure, were analysed to determine whether individual Bewick’s Swans altered the time spent on key behaviours when sharing feeding habitat with other swan species, and any consequences for their energy expenditure and net energy gain. Results All three swan species spent a small proportion of their total time (0.011) on aggressive interactions, and these were predominantly intraspecific (≥ 0.714). Mixed-effects models indicated that sharing feeding habitat with higher densities of Mute and Whooper Swans increased the likelihood of engaging in aggression for cygnet Bewick’s Swans, but not for adults. Higher levels of interspecific competition decreased the time spent by Bewick’s Swan cygnets on foraging, whilst adults showed the opposite pattern. When among low densities of conspecifics (< c. 200 individuals/km2), individual Bewick’s Swans spent more time on vigilance in the presence of higher densities of Mute and Whooper Swans, whilst individuals within higher density Bewick’s Swan flocks showed the opposite pattern. Crucially, we found no evidence that greater numbers of interspecific competitors affected the net energy gain of either adult or cygnet Bewick’s Swans. Conclusions We found no evidence that Bewick’s Swan net energy gain was affected by sharing agricultural feeding habitat with larger congeners during winter. This was despite some impacts on the aggression, foraging and vigilance behaviours of Bewick’s Swans, especially among cygnets. It is unlikely therefore that competition between Bewick’s Swans and either Mute or Whooper Swans at arable sites in winter has contributed to the observed decline in Bewick’s Swan numbers. Further research is needed, however, to test for competition in other parts of the flyway, including migratory stopover sites and breeding areas.

Life history contrasts in nutritional state and return probability of post-spawned Atlantic salmon

Using non-lethal tissue biopsies, we investigated somatic energy, lipid composition, and condition in post-spawned Atlantic salmon (kelts, n = 69) returning to sea in the spring and explored contrasts as a function of previous migration- and spawning history, length and sex. Using mark-recapture analysis, we also explored linkages between spawning history and probability of future repeat spawning. Lipid density was significantly higher in previously spawned individuals compared to first time spawned fish, and in females compared to males. Fatty acid composition differed significantly among spawning histories. Return rates to consecutive spawning the following year were consistent with spawning history dependent differences in lipid density, as first time spawned kelts had lower return rates compared to consecutive repeat spawned kelts. We suggest that spawning history related contrasts in nutritional state in post-spawned Atlantic salmon may be a carry-over effect of differences in the feeding habitat as affected by spawning-history dependent migration strategies. Alternatively, it may represent an adaptive response to increased survival and recovery potential with age.

Discriminating predation attempt outcomes during natural foraging using the post-buzz pause in Japanese large-footed bat Myotis macrodactylus

Bats emit a series of echolocation calls with an increasing repetition rate (the terminal buzz), when attempting to capture prey. This is often used as an acoustic indicator of prey-capture attempts. However, because it is directly linked to foraging efficiency, predation success is a more useful measure than predation attempts in ecological research. The characteristics of echolocation calls that consistently signify predation success across different situations have not been identified. Due to additional influencing factors, identification of these characteristics is particularly challenging for wild bats foraging in their natural environment compared to those in flight chambers. This study documented the natural foraging behavior of wild Japanese large-footed bat Myotis macrodactylus using synchronized acoustic and video recordings. From the video recordings, we could assign 137 attacks to three outcome categories: prey captured (51.8%), prey dropped (29.2%), and failed attempt (19%). Based on previous indications from laboratory studies that the length of the silent interval following the terminal buzz (post-buzz pause) might reflect the prey capture outcome, we compared post-buzz pause durations among categories of attack outcomes. The post-buzz pause was longest in the case of successful capture, suggesting that the length of the post-buzz pause is a useful acoustic indicator of predation success during natural foraging in M. macrodactylus. Our finding will advance the study of bat foraging behavior using acoustic data, including estimations of foraging efficiency and analyses of feeding habitat quality.Summary statementWe investigated the natural foraging behavior of wild Myotis macrodactylus and found that the length of the post-buzz pause is a useful acoustic indicator of predation success.

Habitat Suitability Modeling for the Feeding Ground of Immature Albacore in the Southern Indian Ocean Using Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll Data

In the current study, remotely sensed sea surface ocean temperature (SST) and sea surface chlorophyll (SSC), an indicator of tuna abundance, were used to determine the optimal feeding habitat zone of the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) albacore using a habitat suitability model applied to the 2000–2016 Taiwanese longline fishery data. The analysis showed a stronger correlation between the 2-month lag SSC and standardized catch per unit effort (CPUE) than 0-, 1-, 3-, and 4-month lag SSC. SST also exhibited a stronger correlation with standardized CPUE. Therefore, SST and SSC_2 were selected as final variables for model construction. An arithmetic mean model with SST and SSC_2 was deemed suitable to predict the albacore feeding habitat zone in the SIO. The preferred ranges of SSC_2 and SST for the feeding habitat of immature albacore were 0.07–0.09 mgm−3 and 16.5–18.5 °C, respectively, and mainly centralized at 17.5 °C SST and 0.08 mgm−3 SSC_2. The selected habitat suitability index model displayed a high correlation (R2 = 0.8276) with standardized CPUE. Overall, temperature and ocean chlorophyll were found to be essential for albacore habitat formation in the SIO, consistent with previous studies. The results of this study can contribute to ecosystem-based fisheries management in the SIO by providing insights into the habitat preference of immature albacore tuna in the SIO.

Метод отлова малого канадского журавля Grus сanadensis canadensis в местах гнездования

Catching of Lesser Sandhill Cranes of the Eurasian population was carried out to study the features of their migration using GPS-GSM transmitters. During 2018-2019 we caught 11 adult flying cranes using self-tightening leg loops in the Chaun Lowland, Chukotka, Eastern Siberia. The method has been proven to be the most effective and non-traumatic for catching cranes during summer. Setting of loops along the edge of feeding habitat, the lake with abundant invertebrates primarily crustaceans Conchostraca, was found to be the most effective method of capturing. The construction is cheap and easy to use, install and transport.

Feeding habitat of the understory arboreal snail Tikoconus costarricanus (Stylommatophora: Euconulidae) in a tropical montane wet forest, Costa Rica

Introduction: The feeding habitats of land snails are essential for their survival. Some are little known, for example the upper surface of leaves, habitat of tropical arboreal and shrub snails. Objective: To analyze the feeding behavior and preferences in the feeding habitat of the tropical snail Tikoconus costarricanus. Methods: In a humid montane tropical forest in Cartago, Costa Rica, I recorded every 3 to 4 hours the feeding activity and general behavior of individually marked snails on a 2km trail (seven 24-hour visits in May 2010-March 2011). Results: I observed a total of 167 individual specimens and made 781 observations about their behavior and the leaves on which they were found. These snails preferred monocotyledonous leaves with many epiphylls, despite the fact that those leaves were not common in this forest. They avoided ferns, and during the less rainy season, they preferred leaves with many trichomes, although there were few such leaves. On average, they spent 11 hours on each individual leaf and visited two leaves per day. The few snails seen on stems were almost always moving, as opposed to those on the leaf underside. On average they moved a net 65 cm each day. Feeding concentrated around 9:00 am and defecation around 4:20 am. Conclusions: These snails prefer leaves with many epiphylls, where they find good camouflage, moisture and food. The preference for trichomes could be due to mechanical reasons. The lack of seasonality in their behavior may reflect their stable food source in a forest that remains humid year round.