Donor-State Partnerships in the Cambodian Land Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-57
Author(s):  
Alice Beban
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Land Title ◽  
Land Titling ◽  
Donor Agency ◽  
Donor State ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Land Control

This chapter examines the formation of Cambodia's postwar property rights regime by tracing the evolving relationship between the German donor agency GIZ and the Cambodian state. It reviews donor agencies that ignored the failures of Cambodia's Land Rights Program and donor practices and turned the political issue of land control into a technical problem. It also explains the practices that justified the donors' continued presence, even as they created uncertainty over what was actually happening on the ground and shut down space for deeper questions about the relationships between land titling and tenure security. The chapter charts the affiliation of GIZ with the Cambodian Ministry of Land since 1995 to determine how donor interventions worked to strengthen the state elite's grip on power. It illustrates how faith in the efficacy of land title is produced in public discourse through oversimplified technical data and veiled threats that silence deeper questions.

Narratives of Donor Accountability in Support to Peace Processes: The Case of the Joint Peace Fund in Myanmar

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Tamas Wells
Keyword(s):  
Limited Attention ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Peace Activists ◽  
Donor Support ◽  
Policy Negotiation ◽  
Donor Agency ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
The Way

There is a growing scholarly focus on the accountability of Northern donors in their work in recipient countries. Yet scholarly work on donor accountability has given limited attention to the complex challenges of accountability when donors are engaged in supporting peace processes. Further, literature on donor accountability often focuses on examination of accountability mechanisms and relationships, whilst the way accountability is understood amongst practitioners has received less attention. Using the example of donor support to peace processes in Myanmar, this article examines the way that accountability is narrated within donor agencies and amongst international and local networks of peace activists and analysts. When attached to simplified stories, accountability takes a variety of meanings and serves to position donors in different ways. Examination of these narratives, and their divergence, reveals that policy negotiation about accountability mechanisms is influenced by political assumptions about the legitimacy of donor agency engagement in peace processes.

scholarly journals Using Blockchain to Ensure Trust between Donor Agencies and NGOs in Under-Developed Countries

Computers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Ehsan Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Asghar Khan ◽  
Tariq Rahim Soomro ◽  
Nasser Taleb ◽  
Mohammad A. Afifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Distributed Software ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
Donor Agency ◽  
Donor Agencies

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in under-developed countries are receiving funds from donor agencies for various purposes, including relief from natural disasters and other emergencies, promoting education, women empowerment, economic development, and many more. Some donor agencies have lost their trust in NGOs in under-developed countries, as some NGOs have been involved in the misuse of funds. This is evident from irregularities in the records. For instance, in education funds, on some occasions, the same student has appeared in the records of multiple NGOs as a beneficiary, when in fact, a maximum of one NGO could be paying for a particular beneficiary. Therefore, the number of actual beneficiaries would be smaller than the number of claimed beneficiaries. This research proposes a blockchain-based solution to ensure trust between donor agencies from all over the world, and NGOs in under-developed countries. The list of National IDs along with other keys would be available publicly on a blockchain. The distributed software would ensure that the same set of keys are not entered twice in this blockchain, preventing the problem highlighted above. The details of the fund provided to the student would also be available on the blockchain and would be encrypted and digitally signed by the NGOs. In the case that a record inserted into this blockchain is discovered to be fake, this research provides a way to cancel that record. A cancellation record is inserted, only if it is digitally signed by the relevant donor agency.

Financial inclusion, land title and credit: evidence from China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-273
Author(s):  
Meishan Jiang ◽  
Krishna P. Paudel ◽  
Donghui Peng ◽  
Yunsheng Mi
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Inverse Probability ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Inverse Probability Weights ◽  
Land Title ◽  
Land Titling ◽  
Doubly Robust ◽  
Rural Credit Market

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study land title’s credit effect from a financial inclusion perspective in China. The focus is both small land holding and poor farmers. Formal and informal finances are considered to test their differences in land title’s credit effect. Design/methodology/approach The authors use augmented inverse-probability weights of the doubly robust method to test the effect of land titling on the rural credit market by addressing self-selection, endogeneity and heterogeneity concerns. Findings Results show that the poor, non-poor and small land holders with land titles are willing to borrow more from formal financial institutions. Land titling increases loan accessibility for non-poor and small land holding farmers. As for informal financing, large land holding and non-poor farmers show a decrease in informal lending. Land titling has a financial inclusion effect for some farmers, but poor farmers’ credit restrictions are not entirely solved by land titling. Originality/value This is the first study that focuses on the financial inclusion effect of farm land titling in China.

scholarly journals Demanding Power: Contentious Politics and Electricity in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umair Javed ◽  
Aiza Hussain ◽  
Hassan Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
Selective Generation ◽  
Term Response

This paper explores Pakistan’s electricity supply crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2015, and the ensuing contention that shaped public discourse and political events in the country. During this period, which witnessed electricity outages of up to 14 hours per day, 456 incidents of contention took place, with just under 20 per cent escalating into some form of violence. Electricity became the number one political issue in the country and was integral in shaping the outcomes of the 2013 General Election. Following the election, public authorities undertook extensive investment to expand capacity and ensure consistency in supply while evading questions about affordability and sustainability. On the surface, this appears to be a case of extensive protest working towards shaping state responsiveness. And it is true that the state now sees supply as a non-negotiable aspect in the social contract with citizens. However, a range of factors contributed to the chronology and the selective, generation-focused nature of this response. On the other hand, citizen inclusion and participation in decision-making, and issues of affordability and sustainability, which impact vulnerable and disempowered groups the most, remain absent from the political and policy conversation around energy. This suggests that while protests were useful in generating a short-term response, their long-term legacy in empowerment related outcomes is less visible.

scholarly journals Fire risk reduction on the margins of an urbanizing world

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rush ◽  
Greg Bankoff ◽  
Sarah-Jane Cooper-Knock ◽  
Lesley Gibson ◽  
Laura Hirst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technical Data

PurposeGlobally, over 95% of fire related deaths and injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries. Within informal settlements, the risk of fire resulting in injury or death is particularly high. This paper examines fire risks in informal settlements in New Delhi and Cape Town, and tented informal settlements in Lebanon.Design/methodology/approachOur analysis draws on primary sources, secondary literature, statistical data and qualitative interviews.FindingsThe distribution of fire risk across urban societies is a fundamentally political issue. Residential fire risk can be tackled by accessible, affordable, safety-compliant housing. That said, important interim measures can be taken to mitigate fire risk. Some of the risks requiring attention are similar across our case studies, driven by high population densities; flammable housing materials; unreliable or inaccessible access to safe power sources; and – in the case of Cape Town and New Delhi particularly – the inability of fire services to reach sites of fire. However, these common risks are embedded in distinct social, economic and political contexts that must be placed at the center of any intervention. Interventions must also be aware that the risk of fire is not spread evenly within informal settlements, intersecting as it does with factors like gender, age, health and disability.Originality/valueInformal settlement fires have been under-studied to date. The studies that do exist tend to operate within disciplinary silos. This paper represents an important interdisciplinary approach to fire within informal settlements, which grounds technical data, modeling and experiments in political, social and economic realities.

Donor Project funded ICT Initiatives in the Vocational and Technical Education (VTE) Sector of Asian Developing Countries

2010 ◽  
pp. 268-301
Author(s):  
Channa Wimal Gunawardena ◽  
David H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Technical Education ◽  
Soft Systems Methodology ◽  
Strategy Formulation ◽  
Systems Methodology ◽  
Soft Systems ◽  
Computer Based Training ◽  
Vocational And Technical Education ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Donor Agency ◽  
Donor Agencies

This chapter is set against a background of national ICT initiatives implemented in the Vocational and Technical Education (VTE) sectors of developing Asian countries through donor agency funded projects. This research is based on a ten year research study of ICT initiatives implemented in nine VTE sector donor funded projects covering Laos, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. The empirical data was gathered through contextual observations, action research and a review of project documentation. The ICT initiatives studied focussed on MIS (management information systems) aiding strategy formulation and management in the VTE sector and computer based training (CBT). The research reveals that the projects studied were designed by host governments and donor agencies in response to perceived problems in the VTE sector. The research also reveals that process of managing donor projects, which is largely based on hard approaches, is problematic. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is based on a learning and enquiring cycle. The research uses SSM to learn about the nature and scope of the selected donor projects in VTE, which can be conceptualised as Project Intervention Processes (PIPs).

#failbetter

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-99
Author(s):  
Jonathan Heron
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Queer Studies ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Disability Culture ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Us Presidential Election ◽  
Experimental Theatre

Recalling Beckett's treatment of failure ( Three Dialogues, 1949; Worstward Ho, 1983), this article considers ‘fidelity to failure’ as a performative and political issue. In dealing with both the aesthetics and ethics of Beckett's failure, the article is informed by recent publications and events within the field ( Kenny ; Morin ; Maprayil; 2020 ). These interventions build upon a body of literature on Beckett ( McMullan, 1994 ; Calder, 2001 ; Anderton, 2016 ; Thomas, 2018) and culture ( Bersani and Dutoit, 1993 ; Ridout, 2006 ; Bailes, 2011 ; Halberstam, 2011 ). The article examines the phenomenon of failure within Beckettian production and wider ethical implications surrounding the (mis)appropriations of ‘failing better’. Having established the uses – and misuses – of this phrase, the article proceeds in three interlinked parts: a) aesthetic failure in Beckett's creative practice through to his legacy in experimental theatre and popular culture; b) performance more broadly, including intersections with disability culture and queer studies; and c) performative interventions in public discourse, from Brexit in Europe to the 2016 US Presidential Election as well as social movements such as Black Lives Matter.

Life in the Leopard Skin

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-165
Author(s):  
Alice Beban
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
Tenure Security ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Land Title ◽  
Land Titling ◽  
One Year

This chapter follows the experiences of several hundred land title recipients one year after the leopard skin campaign. It considers the ways in which the recipients living in leopard skin landscapes within agribusiness concessions use and give meaning to land title. It also reveals how the production of subjectivities through land titling is explicitly racialized and gendered heteronormatively, which has deepened cleavages of class relations in rural areas. The chapter focuses on four key benefits that the land title was expected to provide according to the discourse on land titling from international agencies and the Cambodian Ministry of Land: tenure security, poverty reduction, women's empowerment, and plantation employment. It examines the trajectories of land claimants who had land surveyed versus those who did not have any land surveyed during the Order 01 land reform.

Attachment of oral bacteria to titanium surfaces: An SEM study

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 468-469
Author(s):  
J. E. Laffoon ◽  
R. L. Anderson ◽  
J. C. Keller ◽  
C. D. Wu-Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Technical Problem ◽  
Titanium Implant ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Surface Ultrastructure ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Titanium Surfaces

Titanium (Ti) dental implants have been used widely for many years. Long term implant failures are related, in part, to the development of peri-implantitis frequently associated with bacteria. Bacterial adherence and colonization have been considered a key factor in the pathogenesis of many biomaterial based infections. Without the initial attachment of oral bacteria to Ti-implant surfaces, subsequent polymicrobial accumulation and colonization leading to peri-implant disease cannot occur. The overall goal of this study is to examine the implant-oral bacterial interfaces and gain a greater understanding of their attachment characteristics and mechanisms. Since the detailed cell surface ultrastructure involved in attachment is only discernible at the electron microscopy level, the study is complicated by the technical problem of obtaining titanium implant and attached bacterial cells in the same ultra-thin sections. In this study, a technique was developed to facilitate the study of Ti implant-bacteria interface.Discs of polymerized Spurr’s resin (12 mm x 5 mm) were formed to a thickness of approximately 3 mm using an EM block holder (Fig. 1). Titanium was then deposited by vacuum deposition to a film thickness of 300Å (Fig. 2).

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