Direct Measurements of Cosmic Rays (TeV and beyond) Using an Ultrathin Calorimeter: Lessening Fluctuation Method

In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to use an ultrathin calorimeter for direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher. The problems of determining the primary energy with a thin calorimeter, due to large fluctuations in shower development, the low statistics of analyzed events and the large size required for the calorimeter, are considered in detail. A solution to these problems is proposed on the basis of a lessening fluctuation method. This method is based on the assumption of the universality of the development of cascades initiated by particles of the same energy and mass. For energy reconstruction, so-called correlation curves are used. The main analyzed quantities are the size of the cascade and the rate of its development. The method was tested using the calorimeter of the PAMELA collaboration. Based on simulations, it is shown that the primary energy can be determined on the ascending branch of the cascade curve. This fact solves the problems associated with the need to increase the calorimeter thickness with an increase in primary energy and with the limitation of the analyzed events. The proposed technique is universal for different energies and different nuclei.

Nematodes associated with andean papaya (Carica pubescens L.) in Sandia, Puno, Peru

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause 14 % of annual losses in different crops in the world and there are more than 35 genera of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with the rhizosphere of the papaya crop (Carica spp.), being the most important the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp). The present study aimed to carry out the morphological identification of the genera of nematodes associated with the cultivation of Andean papaya (Carica pubescens), in Sandia district, Puno, Perú. One-hundred and fifty-five soil and roots samples from eight communities were evaluated. The samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution and subsequent identification of the nematodes at the genus level, using the dichotomous key of Mai and Mullin. We found the genus Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema, Apelenchus, Dorilaymus, Tylenchus, Xiphinema, Mononchus, Discocriconemella, Trichodorus and other unidentified free-living nematodes. This information may allow the design of an integrated nematode management plan in Andean papaya crops.

Groundwater Recharge Estimation Using Water Budget and Water Table Fluctuation Method in the Jakarta Groundwater Basin

The Jakarta Groundwater Basin is one of the groundwater basins with the highest development, economic, and business activities in Indonesia. Groundwater damage has become a major growing issue in the Jakarta groundwater basin. Intensive development has led to the overuse of groundwater in this basin. Efforts are needed to manage, protect, and conserve groundwater in this basin to support the development and economic activities sustainably. Jakarta, as the capital city of Indonesia, is located in the groundwater basin. Groundwater sustainability is determined by the amount of groundwater recharge in those basins, so knowledge of groundwater recharge is important. Groundwater is an important part of a hydrological cycle, and groundwater recharge ensures groundwater sustainability in some areas. This study aims to estimate groundwater recharge in the Jakarta groundwater basin using the water budget and water table fluctuation method. The water budget method used is Thornthwaite, Dingman, and Edijatno-Michel. The Water Table Fluctuation methods used are Dellin and Delottier. Analysis of the amount of groundwater recharge estimation is carried out using the ESPERE Version 2 software. Output data is then further analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical approaches to determine whether there is a difference in groundwater recharge amount based on the water budget and water table fluctuation. The results show that groundwater recharge based on water budget methods is 209–885 mm/year. The estimation of the largest amount of recharge was obtained using the Edijatno-Michel approach. The smallest amount of recharge was estimated using the Dingman-Hamon method. The average recharge of groundwater in Tanjung Priok is 305 mm/year, Kemayoran is 209 mm/year, and Bogor is 885 mm/year. Only 8–15 % of the annual rainfall that converted into groundwater recharge at the study area. Based on the analysis using the water table fluctuation method, groundwater recharge in this basin has a value of 240 mm/year. The variation of the amount of groundwater recharge is caused by the pros and cons of each method. Apart from that, geological factors, land use/land cover factors, and climatic variations in this basin can affect the research results. By considering the amount of groundwater recharge, groundwater management in the Jakarta groundwater basin needs to be carried out for harmonious development and groundwater conservation.

WATER TABLE FLUCTUATION METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE RECHARGE OF THE FREE AQUIFER IN THE GUARIROBA RIVER BASIN, CAMPO GRANDE – MS

The Guariroba river basin was decreed as an Environmental Protection Area (EPA), and with a surface of 360 km² it is of great importance to the municipality of Campo Grande because it supports almost half of the water supply system of the latter. The surface of the basin is predominantly covered by Cretaceous sediments of the Caiuá Group, which constitutes the free aquifer known as the Bauru Aquifer System (BAS). Recent studies have confirmed the contribution of the BAS in the maintenance of the base flow of surface drainage. Therefore, the quantification of groundwater recharge (GWR) becomes fundamental. This work used the water table fluctuation (WTF) method, based on variations in the piezometric surface-water measurement, to estimate the GWR of the basin. From Mar 2015–Feb 2017, monthly variations of the static level were registered in 13 tubular wells located in the Guariroba EPA. Considering a 1480 mm annual precipitation, the estimated average GWR was 356 mm⋅year–1, varying between 210–694 mm⋅year–1. Despite considering a lower value of the effective porosity parameter (Sy = 0.1) than the one suggested for the BAS, the estimated average GWR-to-precipitation ratio (24%) was more than double that the one adopted by the state environmental agency (10%).

Estimating the Temporal Distribution of Groundwater Recharge by Using the Transient Water Table Fluctuation Method and Watershed Hydrologic Model

HighlightsThe transient water table fluctuation method (TWTFM) is revisited.A novel application of linking SWAT model and TWTFM is suggested.A method is proposed to estimate daily groundwater recharge distribution.The method is demonstrated for the Jeju Island in Korea.Abstract. Estimating groundwater recharge remains a difficult but necessary task as part of managing available groundwater supplies. For example, the average groundwater recharge rate of Jeju Island is 54%, which is considerably higher than the inland recharge rate (~15%) in Korea. Although groundwater is the main water source of this and many other islands, quantifying temporal groundwater recharge for water resources planning remains difficult. To estimate groundwater recharge based on rainfall, a simple and straightforward method is proposed that uses an application of the Transient Water Table Fluctuation Method (TWTFM) linked with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). By using the computed annual percolation from the SWAT as input, two parameters (reaction factor and specific yield) could be estimated by assuming that the sum of daily recharge via the TWTFM was approximately equal to the annual percolation near the water table. This methodology was applied to the Hancheon watershed of Jeju Island, South Korea. Runoff time series data for two years (2009 and 2010) were used to calibrate SWAT and another two years of data were used to validate computed discharges from SWAT. For the calibration of the combined SWAT and TWTFM model, groundwater level data from 2009 and 2010 were used, and then data from 2011 and 2012 were used to predict groundwater recharge using the calibrated TWTFM parameters. The proposed methodology can be used as an efficient tool for estimating the temporal distribution of groundwater recharge using only groundwater data and the annual percolation rate. This methodology can be beneficial for regions where the vadose zone depth is deeply formed and temporal recharge predictions are essential for water management. Keywords: Reaction factor, Specific yield, SWAT, Transient water table fluctuation method (TWTFM).

РЕГУЛЯРНЫЙ (ФЛУКТУАЦИОННЫЙ) МЕТОД НАХОЖДЕНИЯ ИНТЕГРАЛОВ СТОЛКНОВЕНИЙ И ПРОБЛЕМА ЛИНЕЙНОГО ОТКЛИКА ПЛАЗМЫ

The regular (fluctuation) method of finding collision integrals proved to be effective in solving the problem of linear response of plasma. The method is sufficient if the linearization on the external electric field is carry out in the Liouville equation itself.