Vadose zone modeling to identify controls on groundwater recharge in an unconfined granular aquifer in a cold and humid environment with different meteorological data sources

Groundwater recharge (GR) is a complex process that is difficult to quantify. Increasing attention has been given to unsaturated zone modeling to estimate GR and better understand the processes controlling it. Continuous soil-moisture time series have been shown to provide valuable information in this regard. The objectives of this study were to (i) analyze the processes and factors controlling GR in an unconfined granular aquifer in a cold and humid environment and (ii) assess the uncertainties associated with the use of data from different sources. Soil moisture data monitored over three years at three experimental sites in southern Quebec (Canada) were used to calibrate the HYDRUS-1D model and to estimate ranges of possible GR in a region where groundwater is increasingly used as a source of fresh water. The simulations identified and quantified important factors responsible for the near-surface water balance that leads to GR. The resulting GR estimates from 2016 to 2018 showed marked differences between the three sites, with values ranging from 347 to 735 mm/y. Mean GR for the three sites was 517 mm/y for 2016–2018 and 455 mm/y for the previous 12-year period. GR was shown to depend on monthly variations in precipitation and on soil textural parameters in the root zone, both controlling soil-water retention and evapotranspiration. Monthly recharge patterns showed distinct preferential GR periods during the spring snowmelt (38–45% of precipitation) and in the fall (29% of precipitation). The use of different meteorological datasets was shown to influence the GR estimates.

Development of a Numerical Model to Simulate Laser-Shock Paint Stripping on Aluminum Substrates

An explicit 3D Finite Element (FE) model was developed in the LS-Dyna code to simulate the laser shock paint stripping on aircraft aluminum substrates. The main objective of the model is to explain the physical mechanisms of the laser shock stripping process in terms of shock wave propagation, stress and strain evolution and stripping shape and size and to evaluate the effects of laser and material parameters on the stripping pattern. To simulate the behavior of aluminum, the Johnson–Cook plasticity model and the Gruneisen equation of state were applied. To simulate stripping, the cohesive zone modeling method was applied. The FE model was compared successfully against experiments in terms of back-face velocity profiles. The parameters considered in the study are the aluminum thickness, the epoxy paint thickness, the laser spot diameter, the fracture toughness of the aluminum/epoxy interface and the maximum applied pressure. In all cases, a circular solid or hollow stripping pattern was predicted, which agrees with the experimental findings. All parameters were found to affect the stripping pattern. The numerical results could be used for the design of selective laser shock stripping tests.