Epigenetika helburu duten sendagaiak

Epigenetika hitzak DNA sekuentzia aldatu gabe aktibitate genetikoan gertatzen den edozein aldaketari egiten dio erreferentzia. Faktore ez-genetikoek (hala nola, infekzioak eta farmakoak) aldaketa epigenetikoak eragin ditzakete, gure genoma osotik zein gene adieraziko diren ala ez erabakiz. Hortaz, epigenetika genetika eta inguruko faktore eta esperientzien arteko lokailua da. Garai erabakigarrietan (garapen fetalean, haurtzaro goiztiarrean eta nerabetasunean) eraginez, faktore ezgenetikoek gure epigenoma ezarriko lukete deskribatu izan diren 3 mekanismoen bidez: DNAren metilazioa, histonen itzulpen osteko aldaketak eta RNA ez-kodetzaileen eragina. Azken hamarkadetan, epigenetikaren inguruko ikerketa ugari burutu dira, gehien aztertu den mekanismo epigenetikoa itzulpen osteko histonen azetilazioa izan delarik. Azetilazio-asaldurak hainbat gaixotasunen garapenarekin erlazionatu dira. Horren adibiderik aipagarriena minbizia izan da. Horretan oinarrituz, histonen deazetilasen inhibitzaileak (HDACi) minbiziaren kontrako tratamendu bezala postulatu ziren. Gaur egun, lau HDACi onartuta daude minbizi-mota ezberdinen aurkakotratamendurako eta 20 baino gehiago fase klinikoan ebaluatzen ari dira. HDACi-en eraginkortasunak minbizian, beste gaixotasunetan aztertzeko aukera eskaini du. Gaixotasun neuroendekatzaile eta psikiatrikoen konplexutasuna eta tratamendu eraginkorren falta dela eta, HDACi-ak terapia potentzial interesgarri bihurtu dira. HDACi-ek eragile neurobabesle bezala joka dezaketenez, Huntingtonen eta Parkinsonen gaixotasunetan beraien eraginkortasuna aztertzen ari da. Asaldura bipolarrean eta eskizofrenian ere, HDACi-en ikerkuntza aurrera doa.

An update on the maize zein-gene family in the post-genomics era

Maize (Zea mays) is a cereal crop of global food importance. However, the deficiency of essential amino acids, more importantly lysine, methionine and tryptophan, in the major seed storage zein proteins makes corn nutritionally of low value for human consumption. The idea of improving maize nutritional value prompted the search for maize natural mutants harboring low zein contents and higher amount of lysine. These studies resulted in the identification of more than dozens of maize opaque mutants in the previous few decades, o2 mutant being the most extensively studied one. However, the high lysine contents but soft kernel texture and chalky endosperm halted the widespread application and commercial success of maize opaque mutants, which ultimately paved the way for the development of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) by modifying the soft endosperm of o2 mutant into lysine-rich hard endosperm. The previous few decades have witnessed a marked progress in maize zein research. It includes elucidation of molecular mechanism underlying the role of different zein genes in seed endosperm development by cloning different components of zein family, exploring the general organization, function and evolution of zein family members within maize species and among other cereals, and elucidating the cis- and trans-regulatory elements modulating the regulation of different molecular players of maize seed endosperm development. The current advances in high quality reference genomes of maize lines B73 and Mo17 plus the completion of ongoing pan genome sequencing projects of more maize lines with NGS technologies are expected to revolutionize maize zein gene research in near future. This review highlights the recent advances in QPM development and its practical application in the post genomic era, genomic and physical composition and evolution of zein family, and expression, regulation and downstream role of zein genes in endosperm development. Moreover, recent genomic tools and methods developed for functional validation of maize zein genes are also discussed. Graphical abstract