PENGARUH PEMBERIAN NEBULISASI TERHADAP FREKUENSI PERNAFASAN PADA PASIEN GANGGUAN SALURAN PERNAFASAN

Abstrack : Background Giving nebulisation in patients with respiratory disorders is very influential on the frequency of respiration, giving nebulizer causes direct medical at the location or target of action such as the lung, drug delivery through the nebulizer is very fast, so the action is faster. This research method used a quasi experimental one group pretest-posttest research design with a population of patients with respiratory disorders. The sample consisted of 16 respondents using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection used observation sheets. Data analysis used Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The Results of this study revealed p-value= 0,000 which is less than the significant value of 0.05. The average respiratory frequency decreased from 26.50% to 18%. after delivering nebulisation. The conclusion of this study there was an effect of nebulisation on the respiratory frequency on patients with respiratory disorders at GMIM General Hospital Pancaran Kasih Manado.Keywoards : Nebulisation, Respiratory Frequency, Respiratory Distrubances Abstrak : Latar Belakang Pemberian nebulisasi pada pasien dengan gangguan pernapasan sangat berpengaruh pada frekuensi respirasi, pemberian nebulizer menyebabkan medikasi langsung di lokasi atau target tindakan seperti paru-paru, pemberian obat melalui nebulizer sangat cepat, sehingga tindakan lebih cepat. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan quasi eksperimental satu kelompok desain penelitian pretest-posttest dengan sampel pasien gangguan pernapasan. Menunjukkan sampel terdiri dari 16 responden menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi frekuensi pernafasan. Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan p-value = 0,000 yang kurang dari nilai signifikan 0,05. Frekuensi pernapasan rata-rata menurun dari 26,50% menjadi 18%. setelah melakukan nebulisasi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini ada efek nebulisasi pada frekuensi pernapasan pada pasien dengan gangguan pernapasan di Rumah Sakit Umum GMIM Pancaran Kasih Manado.Kata Kunci : Nebulisasi, Frekuensi Pernafasan, Gangguan Saluran Pernafasan

Pengaruh Madu terhadap Frekuensi Batuk dan Napas Serta Ronkhi pada Balita Pneumonia

ABSTRAKBalita pneumonia mengalami batuk, napas cepat, dan ronkhi. Madu memiliki efek antimikroba dan antibodi yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan agen mikroba penyebab pneumonia. Tujuan penelitian: mengetahui pengaruh pemberian madu terhadap frekuensi batuk, frekuensi napas, dan ronkhi balita pneumonia. Metode: Desain penelitian quasi-experimental: pre-test-post-test, non-equivalent control group. Jumlah sampel 34 balita berdasarkan rumus besar sampel kategorik berpasangan. Kelompok intervensi sejumlah 17 orang, diberikan madu murni 2,5 cc 30 menit sebelum anak tidur malam (± pukul 18.00) selama 3 hari. Kelompok kontrol sejumlah 17 orang diberikan air putih 2,5 cc 30 menit sebelum anak tidur malam (± pukul 18.00) selama 3 hari. Pengukuran hasil penelitian dilakukan pada hari pertama sebelum perlakuan dan hari keempat setelah perlakuan. Instrumen yang digunakan ialah timer, stetoskop, lembar observasi, dan kuesioner. Analisis data bivariat berpasangan menggunakan marginal homogenity, pair t test, dan Mc Nemar. Analisis data bivariat tidak berpasangan menggunakan Kolmogorov Smirnov, Fisher exact, dan independent t test. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menemukan adanya pengaruh yang bermakna pada pemberian madu terhadap frekuensi batuk (p=0,001), frekuensi napas (p=0,0001), dan ronkhi (p=0,012) antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok intervensi. Kesimpulan: Rekomendasi penelitian ialah perlu menerapkan pemberian madu pada balita pneumonia untuk menurunkan batuk, frekuensi napas, dan ronkhi.Kata Kunci: balita pneumonia, frekuensi batuk, frekuensi napas, madu, ronkhi.EFFECT OF HONEY ON FREQUENCY OF COUGH, RESPIRATION AND RHONCHI IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN WITH PNEUMONIAABSTRACTUnder-five children with pneumonia experience cough, rapid breathing, and rhonchi. Honey has antimicrobial and antibody effects which can inhibit the growth of pneumonia-causing microbial agents. Objective: To identify the effect of honey on frequency of cough, respiration, and rhonchi in under-five children with pneumonia. Methods: This study employed quasi- experimental research with pretest-posttest, non-equivalent control group. The number of samples of 34 under-five children based on the formula of categorical paired samples. The intervention group numbering 17 people was given 2.5 cc ofpure honey 30 minutes before the child slept at night (± 06:00pm) for 3 days. The control group numbering 17people was given 2.5 cc ofwater 30 minutes before the child slept at night (± 06:00pm) for 3 days. The study results were measured on the first day before treatment and the fourth day after treatment. The instruments used were timer, stethoscope, observation sheet, and questionnaire. Paired bivariate data were analyzed using marginal homogeneity, pair t test, and Mc Nemar. Unpaired bivariate data were analyzed of using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Fisher’s exact, and independent t-test. Results: The study results found a significant effect of giving honey on frequency of cough (p=0.001), frequency of respiration (p=0.0001), and rhonchi (p=0.012) between the control group and the intervention group. Conclusion: This study recommends to give honey to under-five children with pneumonia to decrease cough, frequency of respiration, and rhonchi.Keywords: under-five children with pneumonia, frequency of cough, frequency of respiration, honey, rhonchi.

A Comparison of the T-Piece, Venturi T-Piece and T-Bag for Emergence with the Laryngeal Mask

We have compared the performance of a standard T-piece, a Venturi T-piece and a T-bag (T-piece with a small reservoir bag) for emergence with the laryngeal mask airway in 20 awake volunteers. FiO2, ETCO2 and FiCO2 were measured at oxygen flow rates of 2, 4 and 6 l.min-1 during three different breathing patterns: normal tidal volume, respiratory rate 12 .min-1; normal tidal volume, respiratory rate 20 .min-1; high tidal volume, respirutory rate 12 .min-1. The T-piece and T-bag delivered a higher overall average FiO2 than the Venturi T-piece (P<0.00001). Compared with normal breathing, FiO2 was reduced at the higher respiratory rate and tidal volume with the T-piece and T-bag hut was not reduced with the Venturi T-piece. FiO2 increased with increasing flow rates for all devices except the Venturi T-piece during normal breathing. ETCO2 was higher during normal breathing (4.4±0.0%) compared with higher respiratory rate (3.7±0.9%) and tidal volume (3.4±0.7%) for all devices. There were no differences in overall ETCO2 between devices. The FiCO2 was never higher than 0.2% in any subject. We conclude that the T-piece and T-bag are more effective oxygen enrichment devices than the Venturi T-piece. The T-bag provides a useful visual signal about depth and frequency of respiration.

Respiratory patterns and antipredator responses in the central mudminnow, Umbra limi, a continuous, facultative, air-breathing fish

The central mudminnow. Umbra limi, is a continuous facultative air breather whose respiration is primarily aquatic in normoxic water and primarily aerial in hypoxic water. Under these conditions the frequency of respiration (air breaths; branchial breaths) by the primary mode increases with temperature. In hypoxic water, fish exposed to simulated predator disturbance breathed air in synchrony where a breath by one fish was immediately followed by breaths from one or more other fish. Undisturbed fish breathed air at random times with respect to other individuals. The level of dissolved O2 at which fish switch from primarily aquatic to primarily aerial respiration during progressive hypoxia was positively related to temperature. When fish were exposed to progressive hypoxia in groups (n = 10) the transition to air breathing in terms of dissolved O2 concentration was unaffected by acclimation to hypoxia and by simulated predator disturbance. When held alone (isolated) and disturbed, fish became very active and switched to aerial respiration at a higher level of dissolved O2 than either fish held alone and undisturbed or fish held in a group of 10. During progressive hypoxia without access to air, mudminnows maintained both a high level or activity and frequency of branchial breathing down to 15 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa). Acclimation to hypoxia did not greatly increase resistance to hypoxia in fish without access to air.

Heat tolerance of different genetic groups of sheep exposed to elevated temperature conditions

SummaryIndian Chokla and Malpura and their crosses with exotic Rambouillet and pure bred Rambouillet sheep were exposed to increasing temperature (20, 25, 30, 35 and 42 °C), or to 40 °C for 6 ha day for about a week, or suddenly to 40·4 or 44·2 °C to study their relative heat tolerance. Pronounced increase in the frequency of respiration under hot conditions together with increase in rectal temperature (under 44·2 °C) of Rambouillet contrasted with the physiological responses of the native breeds of sheep. Under thermal stress the Chokla and Malpura consumed more feed than the Rambouillet or the half breds. The Rambouillet × Chokla or the Rambouillet × Malpurahalf breds were apparently more heat tolerant than the Rambouillet sheep.

Suprapontine mechanisms in regulation of respiration

The ventilation and blood acid-base balance of 19 cats were studied after supracollicular ablation of the forebrain and again after intercollicular transection of the brain stem. The first ablation caused a marked increase in the frequency of respiration, apparently unmasking a caudad facilitory influence through the removal of forebrain inhibition. Hypocapnic apnea could not be induced in this preparation. After intercollicular section there was a sudden fall in frequency, the ventilatory response to CO2 was diminished and hypocapnic apnea was easily induced. It is concluded that a tonic facilitory effect on respiration originates in the rostral midbrain and adjacent diencephalon, possibly in the reticular activating system.