Molecular Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Oral Cancer: An Overview

Oral cancer is one of the six leading cancers in the world and is a constant threat to the health sector in developing countries as well as developed ones. Late presentation, due to lack of awareness and invasive incisional biopsy is the crucial factor for this. Nowadays, scientists are trying to find out an easy and reliable method of early diagnosis of oral cancer and molecular biomarkers might be very helpful for that. This review was aimed to evaluate the published literature on molecular biomarkers which are related to oral cancer. For this, advanced searching was applied by specific keywords in PubMed-Medline resource database and found 12466 publications were clinical trials on humans. Then after applying all inclusion criteria, 19 articles were included finally in the review. This paper uncovered that recognition of biomarkers will be useful for the early detection of oral cancer and their prognosis after treatment. We can suggest that p53, EGFR, miR-34a, miR-143 estimation is important to decide the conceivable risk of oral malignant growth advancement in the speculated oral lesion and after the curative procedure EGFR, Podoplanin and miR-21can aid us regarding the prognosis of patient.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 01 January’22 Page: 11-16

Clinical Review and Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders with Epithelial Dysplasia

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) comprise any disorders, tumors, in addition to any microscopic alterations that have a risk of malignant development of cancers of the mouth. When epithelial dysplasia is detected in an oral lesion, it is termed as a precancerous lesion. Finding: Several changes in the color or thickness of normal oral mucosa might be detected during the clinical diagnosis of the oral lesions. Leukoplakia of the oral cavity is a clinical name for one of the most predominant OPMDs of the oral mucosa. When comparing oral examination with naked eyes to planning to apply staining with special stain or using an image of optical fluorescence, the incidence of patients with oral epithelial dysplasia may rise, as well as the clearing of the lesion boundary. Increased size of more than 2cm2, the presence of colored regions with a red hue, the presence of lichenoid process characteristics, and severe epithelial dysplasia are all considered risk factors. One-third of premalignant lesions may progress to cancer, whereas the other two-thirds may stay stable or regress without progressing to malignancy. Conclusion: It is critical to research the patients' unique characteristics, which include psychological, genetic, dietary, and dental problems. When epithelial dysplasia is present in an oral lesion, it is termed a precancerous lesion. Oral potential malignant diseases with epithelial dysplasia may or may not develop into carcinoma and may or may not be recurrent.

A 20-year Retrospective Study of Pediatric Oral Lesion Biopsy

The aim of this study was to provide pathological information of pediatric oral lesions by retrospectively analyzing oral biopsy results from pediatric patients at the Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Biopsy results of all oral lesions from pediatric patients, aged 0 - 16 years, were collected from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital from January 2000 to April 2020. The patients were divided into 3 age groups: 0 - 5, 6 - 11 and 12 - 16 years. All oral lesions were classified into three main categories: inflammatory and reactive, tumor or tumor-like and cystic lesions. Among the total of 2928 biopsy specimens, tumor or tumor-like lesions(35.66%) were the most common, followed by inflammatory and reactive lesions(34.29%) and cystic lesions(30.05%). Regardless of the categories used in this study, odontoma was the most frequently found lesion, mucocele and dentigerous cyst being the next common. This study was the first retrospective review of pediatric oral pathology in Korea, and the results from this study may assist in providing informative insight into the pediatric oral pathology for pediatric dentists.

Angina bullosahemorrhagica, an uncommon oral disorder: Case report

Angina bullosa hemorrhagica is one of the rare oral lesion which appears clinically as blood blisters within the oral cavity. This lesion may occur in response to any mild trauma to the oral tissue. It is an acute oral disease mainly seen at the lining mucosa. It is characterized by blood-filled ballooning of the oral mucosa in the form of vesicles and bullae. These lesions are single and rupture easily leaving an ulcerated area.In this article the authors are describing the case of Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica attended in Department of Periodontology at Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Hazaribag.

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ORAL LESIONS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Oral cavity is a common site for various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Majority of lesions were neoplastic. Tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol consumption were the common risk factors implicated in the etiology of malignant oral lesions. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common lesion of the oral cavity. Aims&Objectives: To study the clinicopathological lesions of the oral cavity with respect to age, gender, location, clinical presentation, histopathological patterns and various risk factors. Materials And Methods: A retrospective study of 274 oral cavity lesions conducted for period of 2 years from January 2019 to December 2020 in the department of pathology, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Results: In our study, the age range of the patients was from 3 years to 87 years. Majority of cases were seen in age group of 41- 50 years. Males were more commonly affected than females with a male to female ratio of 2.51:1. Majority of oral lesions were malignant. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common oral lesion. Tongue was the most common site involved in oral lesions. Mucocele was the commonest non-neoplastic lesion and squamous papilloma was the most common benign lesion. Leucoplakia was the most common premalignant lesion and Squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest malignant lesion. Conclusion: Majority of oral lesions were malignant. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common oral lesion. Early and accurate identication of potentially malignant oral lesions is important and essential for prevention of morbidity, mortality and for proper treatment of cases. Along with clinical examination and laboratory investigations, histopathological examination is still the gold standard to establish a denitive diagnosis and for conrmation of the nature and origin of oral lesions.

Pigmented Oral Lesions: A Multicenter Study

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical features of pigmented oral lesions from Thailand. Materials and Methods Biopsy records of the Department of Oral Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Department of Oral Diagnosis, KhonKaen University, Department of Oral Biology and Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Chiangmai University, Department of Stomatology, Prince of Songkla University, and Rangsit University were reviewed for oral pigmented lesions diagnosed during 1999 to 2019. Demographic data were culled from the biopsy records. Ages of the patients were subdivided into 10-year intervals. Locations of the lesions were classified as gingiva, labial/buccal mucosa, palate, floor of the mouth, tongue, as well as the combination of sites. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS version 20.0. Results Of the 47,175 accessioned cases, 241 cases (0.51%) were diagnosed in the category of pigmented oral lesions. The age of the patients ranged from 1 month to 88 years with the mean ± standard deviation = 38.74 ± 20.96 years. Regarding gender, 172 patients (71.37%) with pigmented lesions were females, while 69 patients (28.63%) were males. The female-to-male ratio was 2.49:1. The majority of the pigmented lesions were encountered at the gingiva (29.88%) followed by labial/buccal mucosa (26.97%), palate (14.94%), lip (10.79%), alveolar mucosa (9.54%), and others (7.88%), respectively. The three most common pigmented oral lesions in the present study were nevus (39.83%), followed by melanotic macule (28.63%) and amalgam tattoo (17.43%), respectively. Conclusions The most common pigmented oral lesion in the present study is nevus. Demographic data of the patients in the present study are in accordance with previous studies with minor differences. Even though pigmented lesions of the oral cavity constitute a small portion of the oral pathology biopsies, accurate diagnosis is important since there is an overlap in clinical appearance of benign pigmented lesions and melanoma.

Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosinophilia: Sinister Appearing Innocuous Lesion

Trauma within the oral cavity is one of the common incidence of occurrence which can be an inducer as well as propagator for wide range of oral lesion of diverse course. A unique combination of formation of granulomatous lesion with reactive eosinophilic stromal infiltration in response of trauma is “traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia (TUGSE)”. It is a reactive, infrequent, self-limiting condition of oral mucosa. The commonly involved site and the clinical presentation might click to suspect it as a lesion of oral cancer. Clinical history and examination guide through the diagnosis whereas histopathology forms the basis of the diagnosis.

Oral Candidiasis in Patients with Hematological Diseases: Diagnosis Through Clinical and Cytopathological Exams

Background: Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection that may interfere with oncologic patients’ prognosis, especially those with hematologic diseases. This study is the first to analyse the prevalence of oral candidiasis in onco-hematological patients by physical and oral cytopathological exams. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and observational study with a retrospective sample composed of participants hospitalized in the hematology clinic, diagnosed with hematologic diseases. All patients were submitted to an oral mucosal exam and scraps from oral mucosa were obtained. Results: Of the 62 participants, 56.5% were male, 82.3% were white, with mean age of 57 years. Lymphoma was the most common hematologic disease (24.2%). In total, 48.3% of the sample was diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Of these participants with oral candidiasis, 13 (21.0%) had clinical diagnosis, where erythematous subtype was present in all cases and pseudomembranous subtype in 12 individuals. Cytopathological analysis revealed more 17 (27.4%) cases, without oral lesion indicative of candidiasis. Conclusions: Oral candidiasis is common among patients with hematologic disease, and the cytopathological exam proved to be a useful tool, confirming clinical diagnosis of candidiasis and identifying subclinical cases. These data are of great relevance considering the possible complications that these patients may develop such as longer hospitalizations, worsening of the general condition due to candidemia and even death.

Clinical Review and Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders with Epithelial Dysplasia

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) comprise any disorders, tumors, in addition to any microscopic alterations that have a risk of malignant development of cancers of the mouth. When epithelial dysplasia is detected in an oral lesion, it is termed as a precancerous lesion. Finding: Several changes in the color or thickness of normal oral mucosa might be detected during the clinical diagnosis of the oral lesions. Leukoplakia of the oral cavity is a clinical name for one of the most predominant OPMDs of the oral mucosa. When comparing oral examination with naked eyes to planning to apply staining with special stain or using an image of optical fluorescence, the incidence of patients with oral epithelial dysplasia may rise, as well as the clearing of the lesion boundary. Increased size of more than 2cm2, the presence of colored regions with a red hue, the presence of lichenoid process characteristics, and severe epithelial dysplasia are all considered risk factors. One-third of premalignant lesions may progress to cancer, whereas the other two-thirds may stay stable or regress without progressing to malignancy. Conclusion: It is critical to research the patients' unique characteristics, which include psychological, genetic, dietary, and dental problems. When epithelial dysplasia is present in an oral lesion, it is termed a precancerous lesion. Oral potential malignant diseases with epithelial dysplasia may or may not develop into carcinoma and may or may not be recurrent.

Under-nutrition and associated factors among children on ART in Southern Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study

Background Malnutrition is very common in HIV-infected individuals. Even though data from different settings are necessary to tackle it, pieces of evidence are limited especially in the case of the nutritional status of HIV-infected children. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status and associated factors among children on antiretroviral therapy. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 383 HIV-positive children in Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and anthropometry measurement. Data were coded and entered into Epi-Data Version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 25. Bi-variable and multi-variable binary logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with nutritional status and variables with p-values <0.05 in multi-variable logistic regression were considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of wasting among HIV-positive children in Southern Ethiopiaselected Hospitals was 36.3% (95% CI, 31.6–41.0) while stunting on the same study population was 5.5% (95% CI, 3.4–7.8). Rural residence, lack of maternal education, low CD4 counts (< 500), using an unprotected water source, having a non-biological mother and recurrent oral lesion were significantly associated with wasting. Furthermore, history of hospital admission, recurrent oral lesion, low CD4 counts (< 500), advanced WHO clinical stage were statically associated with stunting with p-value < 0.05. Conclusion This study found that the prevalence of under-nutrition among HIV-positive children in Ethiopia was significantly high. Therefore, timely identification and monitoring of nutritional problems should be necessary to enhance the effectiveness of ART treatment and to prevent further related complications.