Silverleaf (Chondrostereum purpureum) Effects on Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina)

Silverleaf is an important fungal trunk disease of fruit crops, such as Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). It is known that infection by Chondrostereum purpureum results in discolored wood, “silvered” foliage, and tree decline. However, effects on fruit yield and quality have not been assessed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine C. purpureum pathogenicity on P. salicina and the effects on physiology, fruit yield, and quality, in Chile, in 2019 and 2020. Wood samples from affected plum trees were collected in the Chilean plum productive area. Fungi were isolated by plating wood sections from the necrosis margin on culture media. Morphological and molecular characteristics of the isolates corresponded to C. purpureum (98%). Representative isolates were inoculated from healthy plum plants and after 65-d incubation, wood necrotic lesions and silver leaves were visible. Fungi were reisolated, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To determine Silverleaf effects, xylem water potential and fruit yield and quality were measured in healthy and Silverleaf-diseased plum trees ‘Angeleno’. Water potential was altered in diseased trees, and fruit yield was reduced by 51% (2019) and by 41% (2020) compared to fruit from healthy trees. Moreover, cover-colour, equatorial-diameter, and weight were reduced, and fruit were softer, failing to meet the criteria to be properly commercialized and exported to demanding markets.

GIS-Based Assessment of the Chestnut Expansion Potential: A Case-Study on the Marvão Productive Area, Portugal

Sweet chestnut is a relevant species in Europe for the production of timber and fruit, alongside environmental effects such as biodiversity of protection against soil erosion. In Portugal, chestnut is cultivated mainly for fruit production, in two areas, in the North and the South of the country, with moderate water deficit and low slope and at altitudes higher than 500 m. The current area (845 ha) of the southern so-called Marvão Protected Designation of Origin, of a fortyfold lower order of magnitude by comparison with the Northern productive area, has a significant expansion potential, given its similarity with contiguous areas in the same region. In this context, the main objective of the present work was the evaluation through geographic information analysis of that expansive potential, by comparison of physiographic profiling of the current production area with contiguous areas. A GIS-based characterization of current and potential chestnut areas in Marvão is presented. The methodology involved (i) digital profiling of the main classes/values of the geographical spatial ecological fingerprint considering topography, soil and microclimate variables in the areas currently occupied with sweet chestnut stands and (ii) the evaluation of the distribution of that environmental fingerprint in the whole Marvão productive area, for extending the cultivation to contiguous areas with a similar ecological fingerprint. An enlarged 9889 ha chestnut area was proposed, allocated for high forest stands aiming at agroforestry fruit production and coppiced stands for timber production and environmental protection, corresponding to 4590 ha and 5299 ha, respectively. Fruit production was proposed to field slopes of 0–4% and 4–8%, and altitudes between 400 m and 500 m. Presumable high-quality sites allocated to temporary dry/irrigated cultivations were also proposed for fruit production, in the same slope classes and altitudes higher than 500 m. Timber production and environmental protection were proposed for slopes within 8−12% and >12% ranges. This selection took into account the logistical feasibility facilitated in lower slopes for intensive mechanized management operations. This methodology permits a future field evaluation of site indexes, productivity, and correlations between environmental variables and stand biometry.

The hydrocarbon potential of the offshore Talara Basin, Peru

The offshore Talara Basin is the western extension of the hydrocarbon producing onshore fields since the mid-1800s area of Peru and is also located above the subduction zone of the active continental margin of South America. The offshore portion was evaluated using high quality 3D seismic where mapping horizons are all unconformities within the Eocene as well as the unconformities at the top Paleocene and top Cretaceous. Possible source rocks are the Cretaceous black marine shales of the Campanian Redondo Formation, the limestones of the Albian Muerto Formation, and the marine shales of the Paleogene. The primary target offshore is expected to be deep-water turbidites of Paleocene/Eocene age with a depositional source from the northeast from highlands created by the compressional uplift of the Andes. The main seals offshore are expected to be shales of the upper Eocene Lagunitos Formation and shales in the Chacra Formation, which are also seals in the onshore Litoral field. Thermal maturation modeling shows that two hydrocarbon kitchens exist in the offshore portion of the Talara basin, one in the north and one in the south. The probable Cretaceous source rocks reached the onset of maturity (VR = 0.63%) at a depth of 3,250 to 3,285 m (10,663 – 10,778 ft) between 30 and 39 Ma (Late Eocene to Oligocene). Importantly, the Cretaceous source rocks stay within the oil window once they enter it in the late Eocene. Satellite studies show a large offshore present-day oil seep in the southern part of the basin and 3D seismic shows direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) imaged as flat spots and bottom simulating reflectors (BSR). Basin modeling suggests hydrocarbon migration pathways would have been updip (to the east) into the onshore traps and would therefore have first filled the offshore traps along the migration pathway. We conclude that the Talara Basin offshore offers excellent exploration opportunities in a proven productive area where multiple prospects have been mapped.

Evaluating RNA Structural Flexibility: Viruses Lead the Way

Our understanding of RNA structure has lagged behind that of proteins and most other biological polymers, largely because of its ability to adopt multiple, and often very different, functional conformations within a single molecule. Flexibility and multifunctionality appear to be its hallmarks. Conventional biochemical and biophysical techniques all have limitations in solving RNA structure and to address this in recent years we have seen the emergence of a wide diversity of techniques applied to RNA structural analysis and an accompanying appreciation of its ubiquity and versatility. Viral RNA is a particularly productive area to study in that this economy of function within a single molecule admirably suits the minimalist lifestyle of viruses. Here, we review the major techniques that are being used to elucidate RNA conformational flexibility and exemplify how the structure and function are, as in all biology, tightly linked.

ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE SILÍCIO NO CULTIVO DE COUVE-FLOR EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO NA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO PARANÁ

ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE SILÍCIO NO CULTIVO DE COUVE-FLOR EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO NA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO PARANÁ GUSTAVO SOARES WENNECK 1; RENI SAATH2; ROBERTO REZENDE2; ANDRÉ FELIPE BARION ALVES ANDREAN1; DANILO CÉSAR SANTI1 E DANIELE DE SOUZA TERASSI1 1 Discente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, CEP:87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 2 Professora do Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, CEP:87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected] 1 RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo de couve-flor em ambiente protegido sob diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica e quantidades de silício (Si) na região noroeste do Paraná. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em ambiente protegido, com três condições de reposição hídrica (40, 70 e 100% da evapotranspiração diária) e quatro doses de Si (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1). No levantamento dos custos de produção foram considerados como custos fixos o capital da terra e a depreciação da estrutura, e como custos variáveis as sementes, os insumos, eletricidade, a operação de máquinas, os equipamentos, a mão-de-obra e o Si. O estudo considerou a área produtiva de 175 m². Para determinação do retorno econômico foi considerada a produção de massa fresca da inflorescência e o preço médio anual de venda no estado do Paraná. O retorno econômico variou entre R$185,46 e R$660,81. Os resultados econômicos indicam que a produção de couve-flor em ambiente protegido apresenta viabilidade econômica para região noroeste do Paraná. A aplicação de Si, com exceção da condição de reposição hídrica de 40% da ETc com aplicação de 150 kg ha-1 de Si, ocasionou incremento no retorno econômico para couve-flor cultivada em ambiente protegido. Palavras-chave: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, custo produtivo, viabilidade. WENNECK, G. S.; SAATH, R.; REZENDE, R.; ANDREAN, A. F. B. A.; SANTI, D. C.; TERASSI, D. S. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SILICON ON GREENHOUSE CAULIFLOWER IN THE NORTHWEST PARANÁ REGION 2 ABSTRACT The study aimed to analyze the economic viability of growing greenhouse cauliflower under different conditions of water availability and quantities of silicon (Si) in the northwestern region of Paraná. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, with three water replacement conditions (40, 70 and 100% of daily evapotranspiration) and four doses of Si (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1). In the survey of production costs, land capital and depreciation of the structure was considered fixed costs, and seeds, inputs, electricity, machinery operation, equipment, labor and Si were variable costs. The study considered the productive area of ​​175 m². To determine the economic return, the production of fresh mass from the inflorescence and the average annual sale price in the state of Paraná was considered. The economic return ranged between R$185.46 and R$660.81. The economic results indicate that the production of greenhouse cauliflower presents economic viability for the northwestern region of Paraná. The application of Si, except for the condition of 40% of ETc with application of 150 kg ha-1 of water replacement condition of 40% of ETc with application of 150 kg ha-1 of Si, increased the economic return for cauliflower grown on greenhouse. Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, production cost, viability.

KIEU THANH QUE AND HIS MONOGRAPH “LITERARY CRITICISM”

The literary legacy of the writer Kiều Thanh Quế can be considered a “fertile land” and an “opening structure” which suggest/require numerous interpretations and judgments. Understanding Kieu Thanh Que’s essential contributions to the formation of theoretical fundamentals of literary criticism helps re-evaluate his role and position in Vietnamese literature of the first half 20th century, especially in literary criticism - Kieu Thanh Que’s most dynamic and productive area of work. This article aims to: 1, introduce his monograph Literary Criticism; 2, point out several features of Kieu Thanh Que’s reasoning and critical thinking; and then 3. highlight his contributions to literary criticism of Vietnamese literature over the period 1932-1945. Contextualizing his book Literary Criticism in such early stage of literary criticism allows us to see clearly how he contributed with his ability to recognize and represent some theoretical and current issues in the field of literary criticism.

Silverleaf (Chondrostereum purpureum) Effects on Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina)

Silverleaf is an important trunk disease of fruit crops, like Japanese plum. It is known that Chondrostereum purpureum produces wood discoloration, leaves silvering and tree decline, however, the information about the effects on fruit production is scarce. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine C. purpureum pathogenicity on Prunus salicina and effects on physiology, fruit yield and quality, in Chile, in 2019 and 2020. Wood samples from affected plum trees were collected in the Chilean plum productive area. Fungi were isolated plating wood sections from the necrosis margin on culture media. Isolates colonies morphological and molecular characteristics accorded to C. purpureum (98%). Representative isolates were inoculated on healthy plum plants and after 65-d incubation, wood necrotic lesions and silver leaves were visible. Fungi were reisolated, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To determine Silverleaf effects, water potential, and fruit yield and quality were measured in healthy and Silverleaf diseased plum plants cv. ‘Angeleno’. Water potential was altered on diseased trees, and their yield was reduced in 51% (2019) and 41% (2020), compared to fruit from healthy plants. Moreover, cover-colour, equatorial-diameter and weight were reduced, and fruit were softer, failing to meet the criteria to be properly commercialized and exported to demanding markets.

HOME FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE – FASILITAS KESEHATAN DAN REKREASI LANSIA DI PULOGEBANG

We, basically, as an individual, human beings cannot live in silence, but must travel or wander to get learning about life and the essence of dwelling. However, when humans enter old age, not all things can be done as freely as when they were young, and it causes some elderly individuals to become frustrated with their physical condition which leads to frustration and results in health and psychological problems. Home for Elderly People is a healthcare and recreation facility for the elderly in Pulogebang, where Pulogebang is an area where the largest number of elderly individuals are in East Jakarta and also the existence of middle to lower economic conditions that cause the health of an elderly person to be neglected. Home for Elderly People comes with three main activities, namely, treatment areas, productive areas, and healing areas with ramps, gardens, and age-friendly methods as the main concept in this project. With this project, it is hoped that it can help the elderly to become healthier and more active individuals in the future. Keywords: age-friendly; dwelling; elderly; healthcare; recreation Abstrak Kita pada dasarnya sebagai individu manusia tidak dapat hidup hanya dengan berdiam diri, melainkan harus berpetualang atau berkelana untuk mendapatkan pembelajaran mengenai hidup dan esensi berhuni. Namun ketika manusia memasuki usia tua, tidak semua hal dapat dilakukan dengan bebas sebagaimana ketika berusia muda dan mengakibatkan beberapa individu tua menjadi frustasi akan kondisi fisik mereka yang berujung frustasi dan mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan dan psikologis. Home for Elderly People merupakan fasilitas kesehatan dan rekreasi bagi lansia di kelurahan Pulogebang, dimana Pulogebang merupakan kawasan yang terdapat keberadaan individu lansia dengan jumlah terbanyak di Jakarta Timur dan juga keberadaan kondisi ekonomi menengah ke bawah yang menyebabkan kesehatan seorang lansia tidak begitu diperhatikan. Home for Elderly People hadir dengan tiga aktivitas utama yaitu, treatment area, productive area, dan healing area dengan ramp, taman, dan metode ramah usia sebagai konsep utama dalam proyek ini. Dengan kehadiran proyek ini diharapkan dapat membantu lansia untuk menjadi individu yang lebih sehat dan aktif di masa depan.

ANÁLISE ENERGÉTICA E ECONÔMICA DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA PITAYA EM MANEJO ORGÂNICO NO MUNICÍPIO DE TOMÉ-AÇU/PA

ANÁLISE ENERGÉTICA E ECONÔMICA DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DA CULTURA DA PITAYA EM MANEJO ORGÂNICO NO MUNICÍPIO DE TOMÉ-AÇU/PA PAULA RENATA SIQUEIRA DA SILVA1, MYRELLA KATLHEN DA CUNHA DE ARAUJO2, CARLOS RENATO GUEDES RAMOS3, RAFAELLY SUZANYE DA SILVA SANTOS4 E MAGNUN ANTONIO PENARIOL DA SILVA5 1 Bacharel em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Acadêmica do curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Professor adjunto C da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 4 Professora adjunta C da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] 5 Orientador. Professor adjunto C da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, [email protected] RESUMO: A pitaya é uma espécie exótica de grande interesse aos produtores pela capacidade de produção durante o ano inteiro e o lucro. Logo, o objetivo foi realizar a análise energética e econômica da implantação da pitaya em manejo orgânico numa propriedade familiar em Tomé-Açu/PA. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2019, na Fazenda Colatina, Tomé-Açu/PA, a partir do conhecimento das máquinas e equipamentos utilizados, mudas, calagem e adubação e aspectos de instalação e condução do experimento, para calcular a produtividade estimada para dois anos e análise de custo de produção. No primeiro ano, a eficiência cultural foi de 0,61 MJ/kg-1 e a produtividade cultural de 0,29 MJ/kg-1. A produtividade estimada foi 16,2 toneladas/ hectare, custo total de implantação da cultura de R$ 53.797,56 e lucro estimado de R$ 27.202,44. No segundo ano, a eficiência cultural estimada foi 1,01 MJ/kg-1 e a produtividade cultural de 0,49 MJ/kg-1. A produtividade de 21,2 toneladas/ hectare, custo de manutenção da área produtiva de R$ 22.323,06 e lucro estimado de R$ 83.676,94. Nos dois anos, mais de 60 % dos gastos energéticos foram energia direta de fonte biológica. Com isso, o plantio é viável, visto que o lucro esperado, manejo e demanda despertam interesse dos produtores. Palavras-chave: Fruticultura; Agricultura Familiar; Eficiência cultural. ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PITAYA CULTURE IN ORGANIC MANAGEMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TOMÉ-AÇU/PA ABSTRACT: Pitaya is an exotic species of great interest to producers for its year-round production capacity and profit. Therefore, the objective was to conduct energy and economic analysis of the implantation of pitaya in organic management on a family property in Tomé-Açu/ PA. The research was performed in 2019, at Fazenda Colatina, Tomé-Açu/PA, based on the knowledge of the machines and equipment used, seedlings, liming and fertilization and installation and conducting aspects of the experiment, to calculate the estimated productivity for two years and production cost analysis. In the first year, cultural efficiency was 0.61 MJ/kg-1 and cultural productivity was 0.29 MJ/kg-1. The estimated productivity was 16.2 tons/hectare, total cost of implanting the crop of R $ 53,797.56 and estimated profit of R$ 27,202.44. In the second year, the estimated cultural efficiency was 1.01 MJ/kg-1 and the cultural productivity was 0.49 MJ/kg-1. The productivity of 21.2 tons/hectare, cost of maintaining the productive area of ​​R$ 22,323.06 and estimated profit of R$ 83,676.94. In the two years, more than 60% of energy expenditure was direct energy from biological sources. Thus, planting is viable, since the expected profit, management and demand arouse the interest of producers. Keywords: Fruit culture; Family farming; Cultural efficiency.