Analysis of Infusion and Ethanol Extract of Tamarindus indica L, Scurrula Sp, Mimosa pudica D of Fresh and Dry as Amylase Enzyme Inhibitor

α-amilase is one of digestive enzyme that hydrolize starch to maltose by α-glukosidase and degradation to form a glucose and continue with blood adsorption through villi of small intestine. Consomption of acarbose drug is one of ways for diabetic treatment to inhibit the activity of α-amilase. Tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica L) herbal benalu api (Scurrula Sp) and herbal putri malu (Mimosa pudica D) regularly used as medical plant with activity of antidiabetic medicine. The aims of this studies was to analyze the potency of three medical plant with form of infusa and ethanol extract from fresh or dried plant to inhibit activity of α-amilase and akarbose used as positive control. Inhibition potency of sample against activity of α-amilase were determine base on maltose produced by of starch hydrolysis α-amilase to reduction dinitrosalicylic acid become 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid and the absorbance were measured with spektrofotometer at 530 nm. Resulted of percentage inhibition against activity of α-amilase were herbal infusa from dried benalu api 85.58 ± 2,93%, infusa of fresh putri malu 87.40 ± 1,81%, and the dried 98,85 ± 0,66%. These results did not significancy different with inhibition of akarbose 93.89 + 0,02%. Infusa herbal of dried benalu api, fresh and dried putri malu were potential cover for acarbose to used as alternative medicine.

Emotional action control

Adequate control over emotions and emotional actions is essential for adaptive responding in social and emotional situations, and is critically impaired in various forms of human psychopathology. Variations of the serotonergic system have been associated with variations in action control during emotional and valence specific situations. The present chapter reviews effects of those (genetic) variations on two important aspects of emotional action control: inhibition of action and overriding emotional action tendencies with another action. The chapter discusses literature with regards to emotion action control in general as well as its relation to the serotonergic system, including genetic vulnerability for psychopathologies associated with altered emotional action control. Based on the human literature in this chapter, it is hypothesized that the serotonergic system is critically involved in behavioral flexibility by facilitating inhibition of emotionally driven responses. In order to advance this emerging field of emotional action control, the chapter ends with a research agenda.

Development of a multi-locus CRISPR gene drive system in budding yeast

ABSTRACTThe discovery of CRISPR/Cas gene editing has allowed for major advances in many biomedical disciplines and basic research. One arrangement of this biotechnology, a nuclease-based gene drive, can rapidly deliver a genetic element through a given population and studies in fungi and metazoans have demonstrated the success of such a system. This methodology has the potential to control biological populations and contribute to eradication of insect-borne diseases, agricultural pests, and invasive species. However, there remain challenges in the design, optimization, and implementation of gene drives including concerns regarding biosafety, containment, and control/inhibition. Given the numerous gene drive arrangements possible, there is a growing need for more advanced designs. In this study, we use budding yeast to develop an artificial multi-locus gene drive system. Our minimal setup requires only a single copy of S. pyogenes Cas9 and three guide RNAs to propagate three separate gene drives. We demonstrate how this system could be used for targeted allele replacement of native genes and to suppress NHEJ repair systems by modifying DNA Ligase IV. A multi-locus gene drive configuration provides an expanded suite of options for complex attributes including pathway redundancy, combatting evolved resistance, and safeguards for control, inhibition, or reversal of drive action.

ARE MOTOR AND COGNITIVE CONTROL, IMPULSIVITY AND RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOUR AS WELL AS MORAL DECISION MAKING DETERMINED BY THE ACTIVITY OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX DURING STROOP TEST?

Background. The main aim of our research was to determine if there was a relationship between prefrontal cortex activity during Stroop test (dependent variables) and variables of “Go/NoGo”, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, impulsivity score, different tests of cognitive functions, moral decisions tests (altruistic or egoistic), Fitts-like motor control task, five character traits, emotional intelligence, mood, sleepiness and perceived stress, total physical activity of subjects (independent variables). Methods.In total, 20 undergraduate students (mean age were 21.3, SD = 1) met the criteria and agreed to participate in this study. Results. Our research has shown that different brain functional outcomes, that is speed-accuracy motor control, inhibition response control and cognitive performance, risky-taking behaviour and impulsivity control, management of emotion, personality consciousness and physical activity have a common correlation with the increase in prefrontal cortex activity (measured by fNIRS) during Stroop test. Conclusion. Our studies have clearly shown that different brain functional outcomes, that is speed-accuracy motor control, inhibition response control and cognitive performance, risky-taking behaviour and impulsivity control, management of emotion, personality consciousness and physical activity have a common correlation with the increase in prefrontal cortex activity (measured by fNIRS) during Stroop test. Considerable number of studies are needed to understand what is the functional essence of these relationships, but currently there is an increase of research establishing correlations between motor behaviour and cognition control.