Role of amount of council and diameter of copper on metal smelting temperature

This paper discusses the role of the number of turns and the diameter of copper wire on metal melting temperature. The aim is to determine the effect of the number of turns and wire diameter on the temperature produced in the metal smelter. The method used by testing using the number of turns referred to is 20 turns, 25 turns, 30 turns, and a wire diameter of 1 mm, 1.5 mm and 2 mm. The results of the average value of the number of turns that vary, where the number of turns (30) has the highest average temperature value of 681.11 ° C, while the number of turns (25) produces the lowest average temperature of 648.22 ° C, the number of turns (20) the averagetemperature value is 651.11 ° C. and the larger the coil wire diameter is used, the higher the temperature produced. At 2mm, the coil wire diameter has the highest average temperature value of 691.11 ° C, while the coil wire diameter of 1.5mm has the highest average temperature value of 691.11 ° C. The average temperature value is 667.22 ° C, then the coil wire diameter of 1 mm has the lowest average value of 622.11 ° C

Anthropogenic enrichment of the chemical composition of bottom sediments of water bodies in the neighborhood of a non-ferrous metal smelter (Silesian Upland, Southern Poland)

An assessment was carried out of the anthropogenic enrichment of the chemical composition of the bottom sediments of water bodies situated in an area with an urban and industrial character (63.7% of the total area). The endorheic catchments of the water bodies studied are lithologically uniform with sandy formations accounting for more than 90% of the surface area. On the basis of geoaccumulation index values, it was found that the bottom sediments of the water bodies studied were contaminated with the following elements: Cd, Zn, S, As, Pb, Sr, Co, Cr, Cu, Ba, Ni, V, Be, in degrees ranging from moderate to extreme, with lower contamination (or absence of contamination) with the same elements being found in the formations present in the vicinity and in the substrate of the basins of water bodies. It was found that one consequence of the fact that these water bodies are located in urban and industrial areas is that there is anthropogenic enrichment of the chemical composition of bottom sediments with certain basic components (organic matter, Mn, Ca and P compounds) and trace elements: Cd, Zn, Pb, Sb, As, Cu and Co, Br, Ni, S, Be, Cs, Sr, V, Cr, Sc, Ba, U, Ce, Eu and Th, with virtually no enrichment of sediments with the other basic and trace components analysed (La, Rb, K2O, Nd, Sm, Na2O, Hf, SiO2, Zr).

The Combination of Na2EDTA and Reducing Organic Acid on Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals

Washing tests using a typical chelating agent (Na2EDTA) and two reducing organic acids (oxalic and ascorbic acid) were conducted to remediate soil contaminated by heavy metals at a former metal smelter. Removal efficiencies of arsenic, cadmium, copper and lead under Na2EDTA washing enhanced by reducing organic acid were tested with washing time and steps. Results showed that the addition of reducing acid increased the overall removal efficiencies of metals in some extent. The combination of Na2EDTA and oxalic acid was effective in removing arsenic and copper, while the combination of Na2EDTA and ascorbic acid was more effective in removing cadmium and lead. Washing process included the rapid desorption (20~60 min) and the rate-limited dissolution. Most available contents of metals were extracted within an hour. Multi-step washing was more effective than single washing. However, secondary washing was sufficient for remediation. So the washing conditions should be identified prudently.

Catchment liming creates recolonization opportunity for sensitive invertebrates in a smelter impacted landscape

<p class="p1">The response of a sensitive indicator species to the effects of catchment liming was assessed in a lake severely impacted by atmospheric emissions from a metal smelter in Sudbury, Canada. The lake chemistry recovered following the closure of the local smelter and major reductions (approximately 95%) in acid and metal emissions from other area smelters, leading to recolonization of the lake with fish and other biota. However, the littoral macrobenthos community remain severely impoverished. The catchment liming sustained improved stream water quality for 20 years after the initial aerial treatment and created a littoral zone <span class="s1">hot spot </span>for the recolonization of <em><span class="s1">Hyalella azteca</span></em>. Colonization at delta sites of untreated catchment drainage areas, in the same lake, were low and highly variable, and these sites appeared to be impacted from soil erosion and episodic release of acid and metals. This study demonstrated the need to both reduce air pollutants and to conduct land reclamation in severely damaged watersheds, before lake ecosystems themselves can be fully recovered.</p>