An interpretation of dependent type theory in a model category of locally cartesian closed categories

Locally cartesian closed (lcc) categories are natural categorical models of extensional dependent type theory. This paper introduces the “gros” semantics in the category of lcc categories: Instead of constructing an interpretation in a given individual lcc category, we show that also the category of all lcc categories can be endowed with the structure of a model of dependent type theory. The original interpretation in an individual lcc category can then be recovered by slicing. As in the original interpretation, we face the issue of coherence: Categorical structure is usually preserved by functors only up to isomorphism, whereas syntactic substitution commutes strictly with all type-theoretic structures. Our solution involves a suitable presentation of the higher category of lcc categories as model category. To that end, we construct a model category of lcc sketches, from which we obtain by the formalism of algebraically (co)fibrant objects model categories of strict lcc categories and then algebraically cofibrant strict lcc categories. The latter is our model of dependent type theory.

Cartesian Difference Categories

Cartesian differential categories are categories equipped with a differential combinator which axiomatizes the directional derivative. Important models of Cartesian differential categories include classical differential calculus of smooth functions and categorical models of the differential $\lambda$-calculus. However, Cartesian differential categories cannot account for other interesting notions of differentiation of a more discrete nature such as the calculus of finite differences. On the other hand, change action models have been shown to capture these examples as well as more "exotic" examples of differentiation. But change action models are very general and do not share the nice properties of Cartesian differential categories. In this paper, we introduce Cartesian difference categories as a bridge between Cartesian differential categories and change action models. We show that every Cartesian differential category is a Cartesian difference category, and how certain well-behaved change action models are Cartesian difference categories. In particular, Cartesian difference categories model both the differential calculus of smooth functions and the calculus of finite differences. Furthermore, every Cartesian difference category comes equipped with a tangent bundle monad whose Kleisli category is again a Cartesian difference category.

Impact of social, geographic and economic variables on formal financial inclusion for households in Peru and Piura 2019

Reviewing economic theory, to maximize utility, the individual will have to decrease consumption, according to the income they receive and demand financial services to opt for savings, for which the objective was to determine the effect of economic and social variables and geographical areas that affect formal financial inclusion for the department of Piura in 2019. The best binary logistic model was chosen as a method through the lowest AIC and BIC, finding that the best model is the Probit, and the survey was also used as an instrument. national household (ENAHO), resulting in that the education and income variables have a greater direct relationship with the use of some type of financial services, the same happens with married marital status and age but to a lesser extent, in terms of location geographical area the rural area has an indirect relationship with the use of some type of financial services. Keywords: Financial inclusion, Economic Variables, categorical models, financial determinants. References [1]Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica, «Panorama de la Económia Peruana 1950-2018,» Lima, 2019. [2]A. Sanderson, L. Mutandwa y L. R. Pierre, «A Review of Determinants of Financial Inclusion,» International Journal of Economics and Financial, vol. 8, nº 3, pp. 1-8, 2018. [3]K. Dai Won, Y. Jung Suk y H. M. Kabir, «Financial inclusion and economic growth in OIC countries,» Research in International Business and Finance, vol. 43, pp. 1-14, 2018. [4]Superintendencia de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras Chile, «Informe de Inclusión Financiera en Chile 2019,» 2019. [5]C. Aparicio y M. Jaramillo, « Determinantes de la inclusión al sistema financiero: ¿cómo hacer para que el Perú alcance los mejores estándares a nivel internacional?,» Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones., Lima , 2012. [6]N. Cámara Izquierdo y D. Tuesta, «Factors that matter for financial inclusion evidence from Peru,» Dialnet, vol. 10, pp. 10-31, 2015. [7]M. Jaramillo, C. Aparicio y B. Sevallos, «¿Qué factores explican las diferencias en el acceso al sistema financiero?: evidencia a nivel de hogares en el Per´u,» Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras Privadas de Fondos de Pensiones, Lima, 2013. [8]E. Anchapuri, principales determinantes del acceso al crédito financiero en economías rurales y urbanas del distrito de juli, año 2013, Puno , 2014. [9]Banco Mundial, Banco Mundial. [10]Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas , «Estrategia Nacional de Inclusión Financiera,» Lima , 2015. [11]Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP, «Reporte de Indicadores de Inclusión Financiera de los Sistemas Financieros, de Seguros y de Pensiones,» Lima, 2019. [12]Banco Central de Reserva del Perú Sucursal Piura , «Caracterización del departamento de Piura,» Piura, 2018. [13]J. Wooldridge, Introducción a la econometría un enfoque moderno, Mexico: Cengage Learning Editores, S.A., 2010, p. 575. [14]D. Gujarati y P. Dawn, Econometría, Mexico: McGRAW-HILL/INTERAMERICANA EDITORES.S.A, 2010, p. 563.

Not My Usual Trip: Ride-hailing Characterization in Mexico City

With a few exceptions, research on ride-hailing has focused on North American cities. Previous studies have identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, the relevance and applicability of such work to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South is minimal. In developing cities, the entrance of new transport services follows very different trajectories to those in North America and Europe, facing additional social, economic, and cultural challenges, and involving different strategies. Moreover, the determinants of mode choice might be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime and the risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, which is often experienced by women in large cities such as Mexico. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, unpacking the characteristics of its users, the ways they differ from users of other transport modes, and the implications for urban mobility. Building on the household travel survey from 2017, our analytical approach is based on a set of categorical models. Findings suggest that gender, age, education, and being more mobile are determinants of ride-hailing adoption. The analysis shows that ride-hailing is used for occasional trips, and it is usually done for leisure and health trips as well as for night trips. The study also reflects on ride-hailings implications for the way women access the city.

Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Dimensional Models of Personality Disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: Opportunities and Challenges

Purpose of Review Childhood trauma is an important risk factor for the development of personality disorders (PDs), yet most research has been devoted to categorical models of personality pathology. Considering the introduction of a dimensional PD model with ICD-11, we review current findings related to various forms of childhood trauma, and PDs, operationalized in the form of personality functioning and maladaptive traits. We focus on the magnitude of associations and examine specific relationships between emotional and physical trauma with areas of personality functioning and single traits. Recent Findings Two studies showed a strong association between childhood trauma and personality dysfunction. Seven studies, including clinical and forensic samples, demonstrated heterogeneous associations between various forms of childhood trauma and maladaptive traits. Overall, four studies indicated a slightly stronger association between personality dysfunction, maladaptive trait expression, and higher levels of emotional trauma than for physical or sexual trauma. Regarding specific trait domains and childhood trauma, most studies yielded the strongest associations for either psychoticism or detachment. Summary Research on childhood trauma and dimensional PD models (i.e., personality functioning and traits) has the potential to contribute to a better understanding of their complex relationship. However, high intercorrelations among different types of childhood trauma, areas of personality functioning, and trait domains increase the difficulty of disentangling single effects. More research is needed including clinical and non-Western samples, especially considering the upcoming ICD-11 classification.

Long-term All-Cause Mortality Risk in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Hypopneas Defined by a ≥3 Percent Oxygen Desaturation or Arousal

Study Objectives: Some prior studies have demonstrated an increase in mortality associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) utilizing a definition of OSA that requires a minimum 4% oxygen desaturation to identify a hypopnea. No large community-based studies have determined the risk of long-term mortality with OSA with hypopneas defined by a ≥3% O2 desaturation or arousal (AHI3%A). Methods: Data from 5591 Sleep Heart Health Study participants without prevalent cardiovascular disease at baseline who underwent polysomnography were analyzed regarding OSA diagnosed using the AHI3%A criteria and all-cause mortality over a mean follow up period of 10.9±3.2 years. Results: There were 1050 deaths in this group during the follow-up period. A Kaplan-Meir plot of survival revealed a reduction in survival with increasing AHI severity. Cox proportional hazards regression models revealed significantly increased all-cause mortality risk with increasing AHI, hazard ratio (HR, 95% CI) 1.13 (1.04-1.23), after adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, cholesterol, HDL, self-reported hypertension and/or diabetes and smoking status. In categorical models, the mortality risk was significantly higher with severe OSA [adjusted HR 1.38 (1.09-1.76)]. When stratified by gender or age, severe OSA was associated with increased risk of death in men [adjusted HR 1.14 (1.01-1.28)] and in those <70 years of age [adjusted HR 1.51 (1.02-2.26)]. In contrast, AHI severity was not associated with increased mortality in women or those ≥70 years of age in fully adjusted models. Conclusion: Severe AHI3%A OSA is associated with significantly increased mortality risk, especially in men and those <70 years of age.

Linking categorical models for prediction of pleasantness score using individual predictions of sweetness and creaminess: An advancement of categorical modeling

The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate approaches of linked categorical models using individual predictions of probability. A model was developed using data from a study which assessed the perception of sweetness, creaminess, and pleasantness in dairy solutions containing variable concentrations of sugar and fat. Ordered categorical models were used to predict the individual sweetness and creaminess scores and these individual predictions were used as covariates in the model of pleasantness response. The model using individual predictions was compared to a previously developed model using the amount of fat and sugar as covariates driving pleasantness score. The model using the individual prediction of odds of sweetness and creaminess had a lower variability of pleasantness than the model using the content of sugar and fat in the test solutions, which indicates that the individual odds explain part of the variability in pleasantness. Additionally, simultaneous and sequential modeling approaches were compared for the linked categorical model. Parameter estimation was similar, but precision was better with sequential modeling approaches compared to the simultaneous modeling approach. The previous model characterizing the pleasantness response was improved by using individual predictions of sweetness and creaminess rather than the amount of fat and sugar in the solution. The application of this approach provides an advancement within categorical modeling showing how categorical models can be linked to enable the utilization of individual prediction. This approach is aligned with biology of taste sensory which is reflective of the individual perception of sweetness and creaminess, rather than the amount of fat and sugar in the solution.

A distress-continuum, disorder-threshold model of depression: a mixed-methods, latent class analysis study of slum-dwelling young men in Bangladesh

Background Binary categorical approaches to diagnosing depression have been widely criticized due to clinical limitations and potential negative consequences. In place of such categorical models of depression, a ‘staged model’ has recently been proposed to classify populations into four tiers according to severity of symptoms: ‘Wellness;’ ‘Distress;’ ‘Disorder;’ and ‘Refractory.’ However, empirical approaches to deriving this model are limited, especially with populations in low- and middle-income countries. Methods A mixed-methods study using latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to empirically test non-binary models to determine the application of LCA to derive the ‘staged model’ of depression. The study population was 18 to 29-year-old men (n = 824) from an urban slum of Bangladesh, a low resource country in South Asia. Subsequently, qualitative interviews (n = 60) were conducted with members of each latent class to understand experiential differences among class members. Results The LCA derived 3 latent classes: (1) Severely distressed (n = 211), (2) Distressed (n = 329), and (3) Wellness (n = 284). Across the classes, some symptoms followed a continuum of severity: ‘levels of strain’, ‘difficulty making decisions’, and ‘inability to overcome difficulties.’ However, more severe symptoms such as ‘anhedonia’, ‘concentration issues’, and ‘inability to face problems’ only emerged in the severely distressed class. Qualitatively, groups were distinguished by severity of tension, a local idiom of distress. Conclusions The results indicate that LCA can be a useful empirical tool to inform the ‘staged model’ of depression. In the findings, a subset of distress symptoms was continuously distributed, but other acute symptoms were only present in the class with the highest distress severity. This suggests a distress-continuum, disorder-threshold model of depression, wherein a constellation of impairing symptoms emerge together after exceeding a high level of distress, i.e., a tipping point of tension heralds a host of depression symptoms.