Electronic government in ecuador. Vulnerability of quality principle. A theoretical approach

The research focuses its analysis on the Electronic Government application in the ecuadorian public administration, taking into consideration the violation of the quality tenet inscribed in the Organic Administrative Code, a law that regulates the exercise of the administrative function of public sector institutions. The methodology used follows a qualitative, descriptive-documentary type route, under an exhaustive review of the Ecuadorian jurisprudential regulations that structure and sustain this document. Despite the fact in Ecuador there have been plans such as the Electronic Government 2018-2021, with the objective a procedure could affect the quality principle based on non-compliance. In summary, the need to integrate the Electronic Government in Ecuador, in order to have an efficient and competitive public administration, hoping to recover the legitimacy of the administration. Keywords: public administration, electronic government, quality principle, ICT’s. References [1]A. Naser, “Rol de las TIC en la gestión pública y en la planificación para un desarrollo sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe,” Santiago de Chile, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/35951/S1420470_es.pdf. [2]A. Ruiz, “Gestión de la gerencia tecnológica en la Administración Pública,” Rev. Sci., vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 218–231, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.29394/Scientific.issn.2542-2987.2018.3.10.11.218-231. [3]C. Zamora, N. Arrobo, and G. Cornejo, “El gobierno electrónico en Ecuador: la innovación en la administración pública,” Espacios, vol. 39, no. 6, p. 15, 2018,[Online]. Available: https://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n06/a18v39n06p15.pdf. [4]X. Barragan and F. Guevara, “El gobierno electrónico en Ecuador,” Rev. Cienc. Unemi, vol. 9, no. 19, pp.110–127, 2016, [Online]. Available: http://ojs.unemi.edu.ec/index.php/cienciaunemi/article/view/333. [5]CLAD, “Carta Iberoamericana Del Gobierno Electrónico,” Santiago de Chile, 2007. doi: https://clad.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/7-Carta-iberoamericana-de-Gobierno-Electrónico-2007-CLAD.pdf. [6]Asamblea Constituyente, “Constitución del Ecuador,” Montecristi, 2008. [7]MINTEL, “Plan Nacional de Gobierno Electrónico 2018-2021,” Quito, 2018. [Online]. Available: www.gobiernoelectronico.gob.ec. [8]L. Contreras, “El gobierno electrónico municipal en Toluca, Estado de México, desde la perspectiva ciudadana,” Encrucijada, Rev. Electrónica del Cent. Estud. en Adm. Pública, no. 28, pp. 37–59, 2018, doi: 10.22201/fcpys.20071949e.2018.28.61721. [9]J. Franco and C. Cruz, “Gobierno electrónico, calidad y eficiencia en la relación G2C en el estado de Oaxaca, 2011-2015,” Encrucijada, Rev. Electrónica del Cent. Estud. en Adm. Pública, no. 30, pp. 25–54, 2018, doi: 10.22201/fcpys.20071949e.2018.30.65678. [10]C. Cruz Meléndez and A. Zamudio Vázquez, “Municipios y gobierno abierto, más allá del gobierno electrónico,” Opera, no. 21, pp. 55–77, 2017, doi: 10.18601/16578651.n21.04. [11]X. Barragán, “Factores de incidencia del gobierno electrónico en los procesos de transparencia y participación ciudadana en la gestión pública local del Ecuador,” Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 2019. [12]Y. Stable, E. Álvarez, L. Bernal, and C. Sam, “Estado de la accesibilidad web de los portales de gobierno electrónico en América Latina,” Bibl. An. Investig., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 7–22, 2020. [13]ONU, “E-Government Survey 2020. Digital Government in the Decade of Action for Sustainable Development,” New York, 2020. [Online]. Available: www.publicadministration.un.org. [14]Gobierno Electrónico de Ecuador, “Ecuador escala posiciones en el ranking mundial sobre el desarrollo del Gobierno Electrónico,” 2021. https://www.gobiernoelectronico.gob.ec/ecuador-escala-posiciones-en-el-ranking-mundial-sobre-el-desarrollo-del-gobierno-electronico/#:~:text=Según revela el informe “E,rango de 0 a 1. [15]Asamblea Nacional, Constitución del Ecuador. Ecuador, 2008, pp. 1–218. [16]Congreso Nacional, Ley de Comercio Electronico, Firmas y mensajes de datos. Ecuador, 2002, pp. 1–17. [17]Asamblea Nacional, Codigo Organico de Organizacion Territorial Desentralizado. Ecuador, 2019, pp. 1–180. [18]Congreso Nacional, Ley Orgánica de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública. Ecuador, 2004, pp. 1–13. [19]Asamblea Nacional, Ley Orgánica de Participación Ciudadana. Quito, Ecuador, 2011, pp. 1–25. [20]Asamblea Nacional, Ley Orgánica de Telecomunicaciones. Ecuador, 2015, pp. 1–40. [21]Asamblea Nacional, Código Orgánico de la Economía Social de los Conocimientos, Creatividad e Innovación. Ecuador, 2016, p. 113. [22]Asamblea Nacional, Codigo Orgánico Administrativo. Ecuador, 2017, pp. 1–74. [23]Ministerio del Trabajo, Norma Técnica para regular el Teletrabajo en el sector público. Ecuador, 2017, pp.1–8. [24]Asamblea Nacional, Políticas Públicas del Sector de las Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la Información 2017-2021. 2017, pp. 1–32. [25]M. Sánchez Morón, “La coordinación administrativa como concepto jurídico,” Doc. Adm., vol. 231, 2016, doi: 10.24965/da.v0i230-231.5284. [26]M. Baquerizo, “Mecanismos de seguimiento de la Convención Interamericana contra la corrupción en el Estado ecuatoriano para la contratación pública,” 2019. [27]C. Espín, “Vulnerabilidad en el ámbito de la capacidad contractual del Sistema Nacional de Contratación Pública y de su procedimiento,” 2016. [28]W. Chamorro, “Análisis jurídico sobre la subasta inversa elentrónica en el proceso de contratación pública,” 2019. [29]J. González Tamayo, “El régimen ecuatoriano de contratación pública: entre el proteccionismo y la apertura comercial,” Rev. Derecho, vol. 25, no. 25, pp.5–26, 2016. [30]R. Hernández-Sampieri and C. Mendoza, Metodología de la Investigación, Primera ed., vol. 1. Mexico, 2018. [31]D. Clavijo, D. Guerra, and D. Yánez, Método, metodología y técnicas de la investigación aplicada al derecho, Primera ed. Bogotá: Universidad de Pamplona,2014. [32]C. López Leones, “La contratación pública y su impacto en la gestión de las MIPYMES de Manabí, Ecuador,” La contratación pública y su impacto en la gestión las MIPYMES Manabí, Ecuador, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3–16, 2018. [33]Asamblea Nacional, Constitución del Ecuador, vol. 449, no. Principios de la participación Art. 2008, p. 67. [34]F. Ejecutiva, Registro Oficial N ° 146. 2013. [35]J. S. Miguel-Giralt, “Contratación pública y colusión. Derecho de competencia frente al derecho administrativo,”Vniversitas, vol. 66, no. 135, pp. 377–420,2017, doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.vj135.cpcd. [36]N. Chiriboga, “Análisis jurídico del régimen especial de contratación pública en el ámbito de la comunicación social en el Ecuador,” 2018. [37]J. González, “Régimen jurídico del nuevo sistema de contratación pública ecuatoriano en el contexto internacional,” 2016. [38]J. Torres, “La teoría del Garantismo poder y constitución en el Estado contemporáneo,” Rev. Derecho, vol. unknown, no. 47, pp. 138–166, 2017. [39]A. Santiago, “Sesión privada del Instituto de Política Constitucional del 3 de abril de 2008,” An. la Acad. Nac. ciencias morales y políticas, vol. 1, pp. 8–26, 2008. [40]G. Aguilera Izaguirre, “La calidad y su incorporación en la Administración Pública,” Soc. Estado y Territ., vol. 3, no. 1 (5), pp. 82–98, 2017. [41]E. J. Arnoletto, “La calidad en la administración pública,” Univ. Córdoba, 2017. [42]M. Villoria, “El papel de la Administración pública en la generación de calidad democrática,” Reforma y Democr., vol. 2016-June, no. 65, pp. 5–38, 2016. [43]A. ARGÜELLES, “Calidad total en la administración pública: la experiencia de SECOFI,” Gest. y Polit. publica, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 431–451, 2017. [44]J. Escobar, M. Real, P. González, and A. Casco, “Manuales de Pprocedimientos en la Administración Pública. Garantías de Cumplimiento de los PrincipiosConstitucionales.,” Rev. Mag. las Ciencias, vol. 2, pp. 1–12, 2017. [45]J. R. Granados, “El principio de transparencia en la actividad contractual de la administración pública. Especial referencia a la administración local.,” 2018.

Catastrophic health expenditure: the case of households with adults over 60 years of age in Peru – 2019

Within the health sector, it is vitally important to analyze whether households incur catastrophic spending for using such services. In this sense, the study seeks to estimate catastrophic health spending for households with members over 60 years of age. To achieve the objective, the methodology of the World Health Organization was used to find the way in which the household incurs in catastrophic spending, using as an instrument the National Household Survey of Peru, for the year 2019. The main results found were: that families living in urban areas, who have health insurance, who have a higher academic degree, decrease the probability of incurring in catastrophic spending, while being over 60 years old, having a chronic disease, suffering some permanent limitation and not having hygienic services, help to incur in catastrophic spending, so it was concluded that the most vulnerable areas should be attended to achieve a better welfare for older adults. Keywords: catastrophic expense, out-of-pocket expense, health insurance. References [1]J. Alvis, c. Marruco, N. Alvis, F. Gomes, Á. Flores and D. Moreno, «Gasto de bolsillo y gasto catastrófico en salud en los hogares de Cartagena, Colombia,» Salud Publica, 10 2018. [2]E. Giménez, L. Flores, J. Rodriguez, G. Ocampos and N. Peralta, «Gastos catastróficos de salud en los hogares del Paraguay,» Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, vol. 16, nº 2, 2018. [3]E. Gonzáles and J. García, «Gastos catastróficos en salud, transferencias gubernamentales y remesas en México, » Papeles de población, vol. 23, nº 91, 2017.[4]A. Hernández, C. Rojas, M. Santero, J. Prado y D.Rosselli, «health-related out-of-pocket expenses in older peruvian adults: analysis of the national householdsurvey on living conditions and poverty 2017,» Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica, vol. 35, nº 3, 2017. [5]O. Lazo, J. Alcalde and O. Espinosa, «El sistema de salud en Perú,» Lima , 2016. [6]World Health Organization Geneva, «Distribución del gasto en salud y gastos catastróficos Metodología,» 2005. [7]Organización Mundial de la Salud, «Organización Mundial de la Salud,» 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/topics/chronic_diseases/es/. [8]Organización Mundial de la Salud , «Organización Mundial de la Salud,» 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/es/.

Cardiometabolic risk in students of the nutrition and dietetics career

The cardiometabolic risk describes the probabilities of a person to suffer a heart or blood vessels damages. Hence the relevance of determining this type of risk in the students of the Nutrition and Dietetics career of the Technical University of Babahoyo. For this purpose, indicators such as waist circumference, waist/height formula, sex, body mass index, waist-height index ICE, physical activity and inductive-deductive method were measured in a population of 100 students. It was found that the predominant nutritional status in female students is overweight and obesity. This indicates that 29% of female students have an increased cardiovascular risk. With regard to cardiometabolic risk, it was determined that female students had a rate of 36%, compared with male students with 11%. Keywords: cardiometabolic risk factors, overweight, obesity. References [1]Organización Mundial de la Salud, «www.who.int. Non communicable diseases,» 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/non-communicable-diseases. [Last access: August 25, 2021]. [2]J. Maldonado, C. Carranza, M. Ortiz, C. Gómez and N.Cortés, «Prevalencia de factores de riesgo caardiometabólico en estudiantes de la Universidad de la región centroocidental en la Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo. México,» SCIELO, vol. 24, nº 2, pp. 78-86, 2013. [3]M. Morales, «Influence of phisical activity and nutritional habits on the risk of metabolic syndrome,» SCIELO, vol. 6, 2016. [4]G. Morales, T. Castillo, S. Muñoz, C. Belma, A. Soto, I. Schifferli and F. Guillén, «Asociación entre factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, actividad física y sedentarismo, » Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 34, nº 6, pp. 1345-1352, 2017. [5]Organización Mundial de la Salud, «Obesidad y sobrepeso,» 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. [Last access: August 29, 2021]. [6]G. Bray, G. Fruhbeck, D. Ryan and J. Wilding, «Management of obesity,» Lancet, vol. 387, nº 7, pp. 1847-1956, 2016. [7]A. Caicedo Paliz, A. León Fierro and K. Zambrano Llaguno, Protocolo de diagnóstico y manejo multidisciplinario de pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad en la consulta ambulatoria, Quito: Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 2021. [8]INEC, «Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT),» INEC, Quito, 2018. [9]N. Britto Núñez and R. Alcázar Carett, «Obesidad y riesgo cardiometabólico. Revisión.,» CIMEL, vol. 16, nº 2, pp. 106-113, 2011. [10]J. Vandervelde, H. Savelberg, N. Schaper and A. Koster, «Moderate activity and fitness not sedentary time are independently associated with cardiometabolic risks in US adults aged 18-49,» Environ Resident Public Health, vol. 12, pp. 2330-2343, 2015. [11]V. Carson and I. Janssen, «Volume, patterns and types of sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic health children and adolescents: a cross sectional study,» BMC Public Health, vol. 186, pp. 186-195, 2011. [12] T. Rendo Urteaga, A. De Moraes, T. Callesse y T. Marrios, «The combined effect of physical activity and sedentary behaviors on a clustered cardiometabolic risks score. The Helena Study,» Internal Cardiology, vol. 186, pp. 186-195, 2015. [13]R. Monroy Torres, C. Aguiklera Juarez and J. Nares, «Riesgo cardiometabólico en adolescentes con y sin obesidad: variables metabólicas, nutricionales y consumo de refresco,» revista Mexicana de trastornos Alimentarios, vol. 9, nº 1, pp. 24-33, 2018. [14]OMS, «estrategia Mundial sobre el régimen alimentario, actividad física y salud,» 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/diethysicactivity/pa/es.[Last access: August 30, 2021]. [15]A. Alvarado Sánchez, A. González Yebra and M. Macías, «Correlaciones de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicio e hipoactividad con indice corporal y circunferencia de cintura en trabajadores del sector cuero y calzado de la ciudad de León,» Jóvenes en la ciencia, vol. 3, nº 2, pp. 1-5, 2017. [16]SEEDO, «Consenso SEEDO para la evaluación del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Revista Española de Obesidad, » 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.seedo.es/images/site/documentacionConsenso/Consenso_SEEDO_2007 pdf. [Last access: August 21, 2021].

Adult attachment styles and alcohol consumption in young adults

The objective of this study was to describe the styles of adult attachment and alcohol consumption in young adults, measured through the CaMir-R test and the AUDIT questionnaire, analyzed under the InfoStat statistical program, respectively. Based on a sample of 167 young adults, men and women, between the ages of 18 and 32. The results show that 82.6% of the population is a consumer of alcohol with the highest prevalence in the secure attachment style, followed by the preoccupied insecure, insecure avoidant attachment style and the disorganized attachment indicator. The higher the level of alcohol consumption, the secure attachment scores decrease and rise in preoccupied insecure attachment style. The result does not statistically infer the linear causality of the study variables. The secure attachment style can function as a protective factor and the preoccupied insecure attachment as a risk factor for increasing the level of alcohol consumption. Keywords: adult attachment, alcohol use, alcoholism, risk of addiction. References [1]Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Organización Mundial de la Salud, «Agenda de Salud Sostenible para las Américas 2018-2030: Un llamado a la acción para la salud y el bienestar en la región,» de 29.a Conferencia Sanitaria Panamericana, Washington, 2017. [2]Comisión Interamericana para el Control del Abuso de Drogas; Organización de los Estados Americanos , «Informe sobre el Consumo de Drogas en las Américas 2019,» Organización de los Estados Americanos, Washington, D.C., 2019. [3]Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, «Compendio de Resultados de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida ECV 2014,» INEC, Quito, 2014. [4]E. Becoña Iglesias, E. Fernández del Río, A. Calafat and J. Fernández-Hermida, «Apego y consumo de sustancias en la adolescencia: Una revisión de aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos,» Adicciones, vol. 26, nº 1, pp. 1-11, 2014. [5]K. MacDonald, The Interfaces Between Sociobiology and Devolopmental Psychology, New York: Springer, 1988. [6]J. Feeney and P. Noller, Apego Adulto, Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer, 2001. [7]J. Bowlby, Vínculos afectivos: Formación, Desarrollo y Pérdida, Madrid: Ediciones Morata, 2014. [8]O. Barroso, «El Apego Adulto: La relación de los Estilos de Apego Desarrollados en la Infancia en la Elección y las Dínamicas de Pareja,» Revista Digital de Medicina Psicosomática y PSicoterapia, vol. 4, nº 1, pp. 1-25, 2014. [9]S. Freud, El malestar de la cultura, Obras Completas, Buenos Aires: Amorrortu, 1930. [10]F. Naparstek, Introducción a la clínica con toxicomanías y alcoholismo, Buenos Aires: Grama Ediciones, 2005. [11]J. A. Miller, La experiencia de lo real en la cura psicoanalítica, Buenos Aires: Paidós, 2003. [12]M. Barradas, N. Fernández and L. Gutierrez, «Prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios, » Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo, vol. 6, nº 12, 2016. [13]M. Cornellà-Font, F. Viñas-Poch, J. Juárez-López, M. d. l. M. Martín-Perpiñá and S. Malo-Cerrato, «Temperament and attachment as predictive factors for the risk of addiction to substances in adolescents,» Revista De Psicopatología Y Psicología Clínica, vol. 23, nº 3, pp.179-187, 2019. [14]L. Anderson, J. Connor, J. Voisey, R. Young and M. Gullo, «The unique role of attachment dimensions and peer drinking in adolescent alcohol use,» Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 149, pp. 118-122, 2019. [15]C. Pinto-Cortez, M. Beyzaga, M. F. Cantero, X. Oviedo and V. Vergara, «Apego y psicopatología en adolescentes del Norte de Chile,» Revista de PsicologíaClínica con Niños y Adolescentes, vol. 5, nº 3, pp. 23-29, 2018. [16]K. Ward and G. Limb, «Emerging Adult Attachment and Alcohol Abuse Among American Indians Raised in Stepfamilies,» The British Journal of Social Work, vol. 49, nº 6, pp. 1452-1471, 2019. [17]C. Fairbairn, D. Briley, D. Kang, C. Fraley, B. Hankin and T. Ariss, «A meta-analysis of longitudinal associations between substance use and interpersonal attachment security,» Psychological Bulletin, vol. 144, nº 5, pp. 532-555, 2018.

Causality relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. Case G-8

This article is an inductive argumentation and an empirical-analytical paradigm that evaluates the actual relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in country groups of the G8 considered as developed in a period of time from 1960 to 2011. It was developed an Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root (ADF), a Granger Causality Test and a Johansen Cointegration test. The results evidence the non-stationary of constrains in both countries. It was obtained a VAR model with two variables with a number of lags of four - VAR2 (4) to which were tested for causality by demonstrating a unidirectionality of GDP per capita to CO2. Keywords: economic growth, economic development, income distribution, environmental economics. References [1]G. Brundtland, «Our Common Future,» de Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development , 1987. [2]R. Bermejo, Del desarrollo sostenible según Brundtland a la sostenibilidad como biomimesis, Bilbao: Hegoa, 2014. [3]R. B. and. P. C. Fander Falconí, «Flacso,» 16 03 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/agora/62767-la-discutible-curva-de-kuznets. [Last access: 15 01 2021]. [4]E. Urteaga, «Las teorías económicas del desarrollo sostenible,» Cuadernos de Economía, vol. 32, nº 89, pp. 113-162, 2009. [5]V. K. Smith, Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1979. [6]J. y. A. Medina, «Ingreso y desigualdad: la Hipótesis de Kuznets en el caso boliviano,» Espacios, vol. 38, nº31, p. 23, 2017. [7]M. Ahluwalia, «Inequality, poverty and development, » Journal of Development Economics, nº 3, pp. 307-342, 1976. [8]A. and R. D. Alesina, «Distributive politics and economic growth,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 109, nº 2, pp. 465-490, 1994. [9]R. Barro, «Inequality and growth in a panel of countries, » Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 5, nº 1, pp. 5-32, 2000. [10]M. A. Galindo, «Distribución de la renta y crecimiento económico,» de Anuario jurídico y económico escurialense, 2002, pp. 473-502. [11]A. Álvarez, «Distribución de la renta y crecimiento económico, Información Comercial Española, ICE,» Revista de economía, nº 835, pp. 95-100, 2007. [12]J. C. Núñez, «Crecimiento económico y distribución del ingreso: una perspectiva del Paraguay,» Población y Desarrollo, nº 43, pp. 54-61, 2016. [13]S. Kuznets, «Economic Growth and Income Inequality, » American Economic Review, nº 45, pp. 1-28, 1955. [14]J. A. and. C. J. Araujo, «Relación entre la desigualdad de la renta y el crecimiento económico en Brasil: 1995-2012.,» Problemas del desarrollo, vol. 46, nº 180, pp.129-150, 2015. [15]F. V. A. and P. C. Correa, «La Curva Medioambiental de Kuznets: Evidencia Empírica para Colombia Grupo de Economía Ambiental (GEA),» Semestre Económico, vol. 8, nº 15, pp. 13-30, 2005. [16]W. Malenbaum, World Demand for Raw Materials in 1985 and 2000, McGraw-Hill: New York, 1978. [17]W. Beckerman, «Economists, scientists, and environmental catastrophe,» Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 24, nº 3, 1972. [18]G. y. K. A. Grossman, «Economic Growth and the Environment,» The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110, nº 2, pp. 353-377, 1995. [19]N. Stokey, «Are there Limits to Growth?,» International Economic Review, vol. 39, nº 1, 1998. [20]W. and. C. W. Jaeger, «A Theoretical Basis for the Environmental Inverted-U Curve and Implications for International Trade,» de Discussant: Clive Chapple, New York, 1998. [21]T. B. K. B. R. and. G. K. Cavlovic, «A Mets-Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve Studies,» Agricultural and Resource Economics, nº 29, pp. 32-42, 2000. [22]M. and. S. T. Heil, «Carbon emissions and economic development: future trajectories based on historical experience, » Environment and Development Economics, vol. 6, nº 1, pp. 63-83, 2001. [23]U. S. R. and E. B. Soytas, «Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States,» Ecological Economics, vol. 62, nº 3, pp. 482-489, 2007.[24]C. W. J. Granger, «Investigating causal relations by econometrics models and cross spectral methods,» Econometrica, nº 37, pp. 424-438, 1969. [25]M. and U. R. Nasir, «Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation,» Energy Policy, vol. 39, nº 3, pp. 1857-1864,2011. [26]S. Johansen, «Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors,» Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol. 12, nº 2, pp. 231-254, 1988. [27]B. Goldman, «Meta-Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve Studies: Determining the Cause of the Curve’s Presence,» de Honors Projects, 2012. [28] M. B. and T. T. Fosten, «Dynamic misspecification in the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from CO2 and SO2 emissions in the United Kingdom,» Ecological Economics, vol. 76, pp. 25-33, 2012.

Aerodynamic performance simulation of three selected airfoils

This work presents the lift and drag coefficient curves, as functions of the angle of attack, for the NACA0012, S809 and SG6043 airfoils in turbulent flow conditions. The objective is to identify the airfoil with the best aerodynamic performance under conditions that are descriptive of small scale wind turbine. With the use of OpenFOAM, an analysis was done by numerical simulation. In the case of the NACA0012 airfoil, it was found that the performance is insensitive to the changes in turbulence and the Reynold number. The aerodynamic response of the S809 airfoil is to increase both the drag and lift as the turbulence increases. The SG6043 airfoil responds the best out of the three in turbulent flow, given that the lift curves mostly increase with the turbulence. The curves reported in this work are new and not found in previous literature. Keywords: aerodynamics, lift, drag, turbulence References [1]R. Madriz-Vargas, A. Bruce, M. Watt, L. G. Mogollón and H. R. Álvarez, «Community renewable energy in Panama: a sustainability assessment of the “Bocade Lura” PV-Wind-Battery hybrid power system,» Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability, vol. 2, nº 18, pp. 1-7, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1051/rees/2017040. [2]S. Mertenes, «Wind Energy in the Built Environment, » Ph.D. dissertation. Multi-Science, Brentwood, 2006. [3]P. Giguere and M. S. Selig, «New airfoils for small horizontal axis wind turbines,» Journal of Solar Energy Engineering-transactions, vol. 120, pp. 108-114, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2888052. [4]A. K. Wright and D. H. Wood, «The starting and low wind speed behaviour of a small horizontal axis wind turbine,» Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, vol. 92, nº 14-15, pp. 1265-1279, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.08.003. [5]G. Richmond-Navarro, M. Montenegro-Montero and C. Otárola, «Revisión de los perfiles aerodinámicos apropiados para turbinas eólicas de eje horizontal y de pequeña escala en zonas boscosas,» Revista Lasallista de Investigación, vol. 17, nº 1, pp. 233-251, 2020. https://doi.org/10.22507/rli.v17n1a22. [6]A. Tummala, R. K. Velamati, D. K. Sinha, V. Indraja and V. H. Krishna, «A review on small scale wind turbines, » Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol. 56, pp. 1351-1371, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.027. [7]L. Pagnini, M. Burlando and M. Repetto, «Experimental power curve of small-size wind turbines in turbulent urban environment,» Applied Energy, vol. 154,pp. 112-121, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy. 2015.04.117. [8]W. D. Lubitz, «Impact of ambient turbulence on performance of a small wind turbine,» Renewable Energy, vol. 61, pp. 69-73, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.015. [9]P. Devinant, T. Laverne and J. Hureau, «Experimental study of wind-turbine airfoil aerodynamics in high turbulence, » Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 90, nº 6, pp. 689-707, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00162-9. [10]C. Sicot, P. Devinant, S. Loyer and J. Hureau, «Rotational and turbulence effects on a wind turbine blade. Investigation of the stall mechanisms,» Journal ofwind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, vol. 96, nº 8-9, pp. 1320-1331, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.01.013. [11]C. R. Chu and P. H. Chiang, «Turbulence effects on the wake flow and power production of a horizontal-axis wind turbine,» Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 124, pp. 82-89, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.11.001. [12]Y. Kamada, T. Maeda, J. Murata and Y. Nishida, «Visualization of the flow field and aerodynamic force on a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine in turbulent inflows,» Energy, vol. 111, pp. 57-67, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.098. [13]Q. A. Li, J. Murata, M. Endo, T. Maeda and Y. Kamada, «Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of turbulent inflow on a Horizontal Axis WindTurbine (Part I: Power performance),» Energy, vol.113, pp. 713-722, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.138. [14]S. W. Li, S. Wang, J. P. Wang and J. Mi, «Effect of turbulence intensity on airfoil flow: Numerical simulations and experimental measurements,» Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 32, nº 8, pp. 1029-1038, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-011-1478-8. [15]S. Wang, Y. Zhou, M. M. Alam and H. Yang, «Turbulent intensity and Reynolds number effects on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers,» Physics of Fluids, vol. 26, nº11, p. 115107, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4901969. [16]M. Lin and H. Sarlak, «A comparative study on the flow over an airfoil using transitional turbulence models, » AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1738, p.030050, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4951806. [17]Langley Research Center, «Turbulence Modelling Resource,» NASA, [Online]. Available: https://turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/langtrymenter_4eqn.html. [Last access: 08 03 2021].

Strategic marketing to strengthen dairy production

Microenterprises that produce dairy products face problems of unfair competition, unfavorable government regulations, and under-utilization of milk derivatives. This work focuses its objective on analyzing and developing strategic marketing for the strengthening of dairy production; For this, the contributions of marketing and its relationship with dairy production are enunciated and the marketing strategies of applied products are analyzed. Through a qualitative approach, with quantitative data, in the light of a descriptive, cross-sectional method, the methodological process is developed, through which results are obtained that show the need to propose product strategies and take advantage of serum waste milk. In this sense, the elaboration of products derived from whey is proposed for their subsequent commercialization. As a conclusion, small economy companies cannot afford investments of more than 800,000.00 USD; therefore, they require alternatives such as associativity. Keywords: strategic marketing, product strategies, dairy, whey. References [1]M. L. Castells et al., Valorización del lactosuero. 2017. [2]G. and P. Dirección de Innovación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de la Secretaría de Gobierno de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, en articulación con la Dirección Nacional Láctea del Ministerio de Agricultura, “Recuperación y valorización de lactosuero en PYMES de la cuenca láctea argentina , a través,” 2019. [3]T. Vallet Bellmunt et al., Principios del Marketing Estrategico. 2015. [4]P. Kotler, “Marketing_4.0_ESP,” p. 112, 2014. [5]R. Hoyos Ballesteros, “R. Hoyos Ballesteros, Plan de marketing: diseño, implementación y control.,”2013. https://elibro.puce.elogim.com/es/ereader/puce/69263?page=13 (accessed Mar. 10, 2021). [6]C. Lamb, J. Hair, and C. McDaniel, MKT Lamb. 2011. [7]E. Pico Gutiérrez, M. Loor Solórzano, and C. Caamaño López, “estrategías de marketing para fortalecer la gestión comercial de las Pymes en la provincia deSanta Elena: caso compañia Serlipen S.A,” Rev. Universidad, Cienc. y Tecnol., vol. 24, no. 100, pp. 11–19, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.uctunexpo.autanabooks.com/index.php/uct/article/view/298. [8]B. Caiza and W. Jiménez, “Desarrollo de la tecnologia para elaborar bolos a partir de suero de leche dulce con la adicion de pulpa de fruta, azucar y gelatina,” Repo.Uta.Edu.Ec, vol. 593, no. 03, p. 130, 2011, [Online]. Available: http://repo.uta.edu.ec/bitstream/ handle/123456789/5301/Mg.DCEv.Ed.1859.pdf?sequence= 3. [9]J. Ulloa and G. Navas, “Utilizacion Del Suero De Leche En La Elaboracion De Bebidas De Bajo Grado Alcoholico Con El Empleo De Bacterias Acido Lacticas,”2009. [10]CIL, “Datos del sector lechero,” Cent. Ind. Láctea del Ecuador, p. 2018, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://e152f73b-81b4-4206-a6ee-8b984b6a13b0.filesusr.com/ugd/6cc8de_513a9bb8db76451a9a74586d7902bb3b.pdf. [11]Magap, “Acuerdo ministerial 394. Regular y controlar el precio del litro de leche cruda pagado en finca y/o centro de acopio al productor y promover la calidad e inocuidad de la leche cruda.,” Minist. Agric. Ganad. y Pesca del Ecuador, no. 111, p. 10, 2013, [Online]. Available: www.magap.gob.ec. [12]J. P. Grijalva Cobo, “La industria lechera en Ecuador: un modelo de desarrollo,” Retos, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 6, 2011, doi: 10.17163/ret.n1.2011.08. [13]Acuerdo-ministerial-177_"sostenibilidad_cadena_láctea".pdf. [14]Procesamiento de suero | Manual de procesamiento de lácteos. https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/whey-processing (accessed Apr. 07, 2021). [15]P. Dianela, “Procesamiento del lactosuero: elaboración de lactosa y aprovechamiento de proteínas,” Tecnol. Láctea Latinoam. No, vol. 87, p. 44, 2015. [16]Énfasis Alimentación, “suero-polvo-desproteinizado-la-estrella-la-panaderia,” 2020. [17] B. Jonson, “Los productos de suero de leche de Estados Unidos en botanas y aderezos,” U.S. Dairy Export Counc., pp. 1–8, 2010. [18]J. Keeton, “Aplicaciones de Productos de Suero y Lactosa en Carnes Procesadas,” Mundo Lácteo y Cárnico, pp. 18–25, 2008. [19]N. Hosp et al., “Nutrición Hospitalaria Trabajo Original Correspondencia.” [20]E. Sequera, C. Farfán, and W. Zambrano, “Analisis del perfil de deseabilidad del valor nutricional de un alimento en barra a base de ajonjolí, maní y suero lácteo en polvo,” rev. Científica mangifera, pp. 103–115, 2019. [21]“Obtención de hidrolizados proteicos bajos en fenilalanina a partir de suero dulce de leche y chachafruto (Erythrina edulis Triana).”https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2019/1/art-4/ (accessed May 02, 2021). [22] ean Cano, “Ecuador compró más suero de leche en polvo,” 30 sep. 2019, Sep. 2019. [23]“agricultura-suero-polvo-leche-calidad.” [24]“Sueros de lechería.” http://www.alimentosargentinos.gob.ar/contenido/revista/html/44/44_08_Lacteos_sueros_lecheria.html (accessed Mar. 03, 2021). [25]“Suero en polvo | Tetra Pak.” https://www.tetrapak.com/es-ec/insights/food-categories/whey-powder (accessed Feb. 24, 2021). [26]“GALAXIE Secado Spray.” https://www.galaxie.com.ar/productos_precios.php (accessed Mar. 03, 2021). [27]R. Hernandes Sampieri, C. Fernandez Collao, and P. Baptista Lucio, “Metodologia de la Investigacion.”https://www.uca.ac.cr/wp-ontent/uploads/2017/10/Investigacion.pdf (accessed Jun. 09, 2021). [28]“Evaporadores | Manual de Procesamiento de Lácteos.” https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/whey-processing (accessed Apr. 07, 2021). [29]R. Hoyos Ballesteros, “Plan de marketing : diseño, implementación y control,” p. 203, 2013.

Relationship marketing and the profile of the policewoman as an institutional image of the police service in Ecuador.

The article shows how relationship marketing and the profile of policewomen affect the institutional image of the police service in Ecuador, for which a qualitative methodology is used with a descriptive and correlational level of research, based on a bibliographic and field study. Tools and techniques applied to the community and to policewomen are also used; whose results explain that there is better performance, generate greater confidence and security; in the self-criticism made by the police servants, they state that they feel capable of acting, working efficiently in all cases. Its preparation is daily so there is a commitment to serve and protect; her work is praised by the community, which makes the policewoman an excellent option to position the police image thatis currently worn out. These results were contrasted with the hypothesis test in which a Pearson X2 of 8,549 was obtained, which allows us to conclude that relationship marketing and the profile of the policewoman do contribute to the institutional image of the police service in Ecuador. Keywords: marketing, relationship marketing, policewoman, institutional image. References [1]P. Tobar, «Marketing de relaciones como estrategia de diferenciación en la satisfacción del cliente: caso de estudio en el sector universitario,» Digital Publisher, 3 Mayo 2021. [2]M. Luna and R. Ortiz, «Aplicación del Marketing relacional para fidelización de clientes corporativos en servicio de telefonía móvil CNT EP.,» Universidad deGuayaquil, 2018. [3]M. Rivera, «La evolución de estrategoas de marketing en el entorno digital: Implicaciones jurídicas,» Universidad Carlos III de MAdrid, 2015. [4]L. Sihua, «Imagen corporativa y marketing relacional de la empresa Pieriplast SAC, distrito San Juan de Lurigancho, 2018,» Unversidad Cesar Vallejo, 2019. [5]E. Guadarrama and E. Rosales, «Marketing relacional: Valor, satisfacción, lealtad y retención del cliente. Análisis y reflexión teórica,» Ciencia y Sociedad, 2015. [6]M. Noblecilla and M. Granados, «El marketing y su aplicación en diferentes areas del conocimiento,» Editorial UTMach, 2017. [7]R. Bravo, J. Matute and J. M. Pina, «Efectos de la imagen corporativa en el comportamiento del consumidor. Un estudio aplicado a la banca comercial,» vol. 21, 2021. [8]J. Saltos, W. Jiménez and E. Jimémex, «La imagen de marca como vector de posicionamiento en PYMES: caso sector calzado de la provincia de Tungurahua,»2016. [9]E. Ramos, «Gestión de imagen corporativa como estrategia de sostenibilidad: camino al cambio empresarial, » Revista Universidad y Sociedad, 2020. [10]A. Sevilla, «Policia Comunitaria,» Programa para la convivencia ciudadana, 2015. [11]E. Cobler, «El trabajo de la mujer policía,» Revista Catalana De Seguretat Pública, p. 106, 2012. [12]E. Cumbicos, «Imagen Institucional De La Policía Metropolitana De Quito En Redes Sociales,» Universidad Central del Ecuador, 2017.

Wax and bentonite blends for prototyping industrial clay development: preliminary results

The automotive design process and the materials in the automotive industry in recent years has caused great interest to the industrial and academic sector. In this study was to evaluate the effect of the amount of bentonite on the thermal and rheological properties of the compound bentonite / paraffin wax. Two bentonite ratios were used: paraffin wax (40:60 and 30:70). The paraffin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the bentonite was characterized by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The bentonite/paraffine wax composite was characterized by differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology. The sample that contains a higher amount of bentonite shows a lower latent heat, and this could cause a greater heat transfer. Finally, the sample that has a lower amount of bentonite evidenced a lower viscosity, and it could be related to a lower interaction between the particles. The sample S1 due to its lower latent heat compared to S2 could represent an interesting alternative to develop prototypingclays. since these materials are characterized by their low working temperatures and easy malleability. Keywords: automotive, prototyping, latent heat, bentonite, paraffin. References [1]X. Ferràs-Hernández, E. Tarrats-Pons, and N. Arimany-Serrat, “Disruption in the automotive industry: A Cambrian moment,” Bus. Horiz., vol. 60, no. 6, pp.855–863, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2017.07.011. [2]O. Heneric, G. Licht, S. Lutz, and W. Urban, “The Europerean Automotive Industry in a Global Context,” Eur. Automot. Ind. Move, pp. 5–44, 2005, doi: 10.1007/3-7908-1644-2_2. [3]S. I.-N. Delhi, “Automotive Revolution & Perspective Towards 2030,” Auto Tech Rev., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 20–25, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1365/s40112-016-1117-8.[4]M. Tovey, J. Owen, and P. Street, “in Automotive Design,” vol. 21, pp. 569–588, 2000. [5]Yasusato Yamada, Clay modeling : techniques for giving three-dimensional form to idea. 1997. [6]H. Murray, “Industrial clays case study,” Mining, Miner. Sustain. Dev., vol. 1, no. 64, pp. 1–9, 2002, [Online]. Available: http://www.whitemudresources.com/public/Hayn Murray Clays Case Study.pdf%0Ahttp://whitemudresources.com/public/Hayn Murray ClaysCase Study.pdf. [7]Transparency Market Research, “Industrial Clay Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2016 - 2024,” New york, 2016.[8]J. Murphy, Additives for Plastics Handbook. Elsevier, 2001. [9]Y. Hong, J. J. Cooper-White, M. E. Mackay, C. J. Hawker, E. Malmström, and N. Rehnberg, “A novel processing aid for polymer extrusion: Rheology and processing of polyethylene and hyperbranched polymer blends,” J. Rheol. (N. Y. N. Y)., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 781–793, 1999, doi: 10.1122/1.550999. [10]D. P. Rawski, P. Edwards, and U. States, “Pulp and Paper : Non fi brous Components,” no. January, pp.1–4, 2017, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10289-9. [11]J. Speight, “Instability and incompatibility of tight oil and shale oil,” Shale Oil Gas Prod. Process., pp. 915–942, 2020, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813315-6.00017-8. [12]T. P. Brown, L. Rushton, M. A. Mugglestone, and D. F. Meechan, “Health effects of a sulphur dioxide air pollution episode,” vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 369–371, 2003,doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdg083. [13]R. Chihi, I. Blidi, M. Trabelsi-Ayadi, and F. Ayari, “Elaboration and characterization of a low-cost porous ceramic support from natural Tunisian bentonite clay,” Comptes Rendus Chim., vol. 22, no. 2–3, pp. 188–197, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.12.002. [14]Z. Yi, W. Xiaopeng, and L. I. Dongxu, “Prepartion of organophilic bentonite / paraffin composite phase change energy storage material with melting intercalation method,” pp. 126–131, 2011, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.284-286.126. [15]I. Krupa and A. S. Luyt, “Thermal and mechanical properties of extruded LLDPE / wax blends,” vol. 73, pp. 157–161, 2001. [16]A. Saleem, L. Frormann, J. Koltermann, and C. Reichelt, “Fabrication and Processing of Polypropylene - Paraffin Compounds with Enhanced Thermal andProcessing Properties : Impact Penetration and Thermal Characterization,” vol. 40164, pp. 1–9, 2014, doi:10.1002/app.40164. [17]M. Mu, P. A. M. Basheer, W. Sha, Y. Bai, and T. Mcnally, “Shape stabilised phase change materials based on a high melt viscosity HDPE and paraffin waxes,”Appl. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 68–82, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.030. [18]M. Tovey, “Intuitive and objective processes in automotive design,” Des. Stud., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 23–41, 1992, doi: 10.1016/0142-694X(92)80003-H. [19]J. Verlinden, A. Kooijman, E. Edelenbos, and C. Go, “Investigation on the use of illuminated clay in automotive styling,” 6th Int. Conf. Comput. Ind. Des.Concept. Des. (CAID&CD), Delft, NETHERLANDS, pp. 514–519, 2005. [20]N. W. 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Teaching process design for 4.0 industry

Considering that the new trends in industrial development are focused on the global vision of software applications, with intelligent systems that seek to provide an effective solution to a myriad of industrial and consequently social problems, this work proposes the development of educational methodologies for the applied teaching processes. to Industry 4.0. Education must transform itself to the new technological paradigms and adapt the new graduation profiles to the global need for intelligent applications that allow the globalization of products, competitiveness and continuous improvement. In this work, an exhaustive bibliographic review is carried out to focus on the best teaching alternatives with a view to Industry 4.0. The results show that educational methodologies must improve the academic approach to strengthen the industrial sector and achieve professional training adapted to new technologies. Keywords: 4.0 industry, teaching methodologies, smart technologies. References [1]J. Carvajal, «La Cuarta Revolución Industrial o Industria 4.0 y su Impacto en la Educación Superior en Ingeniería en Latinoamérica y el Caribe,» de 15th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Global Partnerships for Development and Engineering Education”, Boca ratón, Estados Unidos, 2017. [2]R. Jiménez, D. Magaña and S. Aquino, «GESTIÓN DE TENDENCIAS STEM EN EDUCACION SUPERIOR Y SU IMPACTO EN LA INDUSTRIA 4.0,» Journal ofthe Academy, nº 5, pp. 99-121, 2021. [3]J. Ortiz, A. Carrillo and M. Olguín, «Built education 3.0 since early teacher’s training to face challenges of industry 4.0,» Informes de Investigación, vol. 3, nº 5,pp. 135-146, 2020. [4]M. Jalil, «Industria 4.0, competencia digital y el nuevo Sistema de Formación Profesional para el empleo,» Re vista Internacional y Comparada de RELACIONES LABORALES Y DERECHO DEL EMPLEO, vol. 6, nº 1, pp. 164-194, 2018. [5]G. Garcés and C. Peña, «Ajustar la Educación en Ingeniería a la Industria 4.0: Una visión desde el desarrollo curricular y el laboratorio,» Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educación, vol. 19, nº 40, pp. 129-148, 2020. [6]F. M.-L. Rivera, P. Hermosilla, J. Delgadillo and D. Echeverría, «Propuesta de construcción de competencias de innovación en la formación de ingenieros en elcontexto de la industria 4.0 y los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS),» Propuesta de construcc, vol. 14, nº2, pp. 75-84, 2021. [7]B. Manrique-Losada, M. C. Gómez-Álvarez and L.González-Palacio, «Estrategia de transformación para la formación en informática: hacia el desarrollo de competencias en educación básica y media para la Industria 4.0 en Medellín – Colombia,» RISTI, vol. 39, nº 10, pp. 1-17, 2020. [8]X. Martínez, «Disrupción y aporía: de camino a la educación 4.0,» Innovación educativa, vol. 19, nº 80, pp. 7-12, 2019. [9]VLD Engineering, «¿Qué entendemos por simulación de procesos en ingeniería?,» 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.vld-eng.com/blog/simulacion-procesos-industriales/. [Last access: September 08, 2021]. [10]Structuralia, «Los ingenieros más demandados en Latam,» 2020. [Online]. Available: https://blog.structuralia.com/los-ingenieros-m%C3%A1s-demandados- en-latam. [Last access: September 08, 2021]. [11]M. Valencia-Cárdenas, S. Morales-Gualdrón and M.Gaviria-Giraldo, «VISIÓN DE LAS COMPETENCIAS DE INGENIERÍAINDUSTRIAL EN INDUSTRIA 4.0,» de 2do Congreso Latinoamericano de Ingeniería, Medellín-Colombia, 2019.