extension gap
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2022 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Singh

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Datia, Madhya Pradesh conducted 365 demonstrations on wheatvarieties GW-366 and RVW-4106 during 2017-18 to 2020-21 at farmers’ field in Datiadistrict to find out the worth of the improved technology. The parameters like technologicalimpact, economical impact and extension gap were analyzed and the feasibility ofdemonstrated technologies at grass root levels was assessed. The results of four years ofstudies revealed that the yield under demonstration plots was 4684 kg/ha as compared to3875 kg/ha in traditional farmer practices plots. This additional yield of 809 kg/ha and theincrease in average wheat productivity by 21.43 per cent may contribute to the presentwheat requirement on national basis. The average technology gap, extension gap andtechnology index were found to be 376.50 kg/ha, 807.75 kg/ha and 7.40 per cent respectively.An additional investment of Rs. 1470 per ha coupled with scientific monitoring ofdemonstrations and non-monetary factors resulted in an additional net return of Rs. 13531per ha. Fluctuation in the sale price of wheat during different years influenced the economicreturns per unit area. On four years overall average basis incremental benefit cost ratiowas found as 3.41. The results indicate the positive effects of FLDs over the existingpractices.


Author(s):  
Munish Leharwan ◽  
Mohar Singh ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Saraswat ◽  
Yogesh Kumar ◽  
...  

Background: Cluster frontline demonstration (CFLD) with improved technology plays a vital role in enhancing the production potential of pulses as well as socio-economic level of farmers and it also proved that it improves soil heath through crop diversification by optimizing diversified microhabitats that benefit soil microbial community. Methods: KVK, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal (Haryana) conducted 220 demonstrations on chickpea variety HC-1 and HC-5 over an area of 80 ha during Rabi season 2017-18 to 2020-21. The demonstrated technology was improved variety HC-1 and HC-5, optimum seed rate and spacing, seed and soil treatment with bio-fungicide and application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module for the management of diseases and insects. Result: The result of the CFLDs showed that on an average yield of chickpea seed under improved technology, ranged from 11.41 q/ha to 20 q/ha which was 25.06 per cent more as compared to farmer practices. The study depicted, the mean technology gap of 9.01 q/ha, the mean extension gap of 3.70 q/ha and the mean technology index of 36.7 per cent. The study concluded that from one hectare a net income of Rs. 47565/- can be obtained, additional return of Rs. 10404/, effective gain of Rs. 8289 and B:C ratio obtained were 2.63 under incorporation of improved technology as compared to local check. By conducting CFLD of proven technologies, yield of crop could be enhanced to a great extent with ultimately increment in the income level of small and marginal farmers.


Author(s):  
Sang Jun Song ◽  
Hyun Woo Lee ◽  
Cheol Hee Park

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess continuous gaps in the replaced knee throughout the full range of motion (ROM) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using a joint stability graph, and to analyze the gap laxity in the mid-flexion range. Ninety-three TKAs were performed using imageless navigation with a joint stability graph. While positioning guides for each respective cut, the surgeon can safely preview the resection's impact for the resulting joint gaps and control the soft tissue balance at the knee flexion of 0° (extension) and 90° (flexion). The gaps between the femoral component and insert were evaluated throughout the full ROM using the joint stability graph. The mechanical axis (MA) and change of joint line height were radiographically evaluated. Posthoc power analyses using a significant α value of 0.05 were performed on the proportion of the mid-flexion instability as a primary outcome to determine whether the sample had sufficient power. The power was determined to be sufficient (100%). The flexion–extension gap differences in each medial and lateral compartment and the mediolateral gap differences in flexion and extension were all ≤3 mm. None of the knees had mid-flexion instability, which is defined by a peak mid-flexion gap that is 3 mm greater than the smaller value of flexion or extension gap. The average MA was well corrected from varus 11.4° to varus 1.0° postoperatively. The proportion of postoperative well-aligned knees (MA ≤ 3°) was 87.1%. The joint line height was well preserved (14.7 vs. 14.8 mm, p = 0.751). The joint stability graph in TKA using the navigation can effectively evaluate the continuous gap throughout the ROM, including the mid-flexion range. Mid-flexion instability was uncommon in primary TKAs with appropriate alignment and proper preservation of the joint line. The Level of evidence for the study is IV.


Author(s):  
Krishna Avatar Meena ◽  
J.K. Gupta ◽  
R.K. Dular ◽  
B.K. Bhinchhar ◽  
R.K. Meena ◽  
...  

Background: Chickpea is an important legume crop that plays an important role in the food and nutritional security of people in the developing countries and contributing to protein intake. It is a soil building crop and being a leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic fixation, there by helps in N cycling within the ecosystem. Methods: Cluster front line demonstrations of chickpea were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kumher, Bharatpur (Rajasthan) during Rabi season from 2016-17 to 2019-20. A total 350 front line demonstrations were conducted on chickpea in 140 ha area by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of chickpea production potentials. Result: The results of the demonstrations observed that on an average yield of chickpea under improved technology ranged from 11.83 to 17.52 q/ha with a mean of 14.47 q/ha; which was 20.95 per cent more yield as compared to farmer’s practices (11.97 q/ha). Moreover, average yield was also recorded higher under demonstration (14.47 q/ha) over district (8.17 q/ha) and State (10.74 q/ha) average. The study exhibited mean extension gap of 250.75 Kg/ha, mean technology gap of 627.75 kg/ha with mean technology index of 29.71 per cent. Higher mean net return of Rs. 46618/ha with mean B: C ratio of 3.10 was obtained with improved technologies in comparison to farmers’ practices (Rs. 36737/ha). The present study resulted to convincing the farming community for higher productivity and returns.


Author(s):  
Mani Ram C. M. Balai

The study was carried out during rabi season of 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 in 6 villages across 3 blocks (Rajsamand, Railmagra and Amet) of Rajsamand district. In all 225 front line demonstrations on chickpea crop were carried out in an area of 90.0 ha with the active participation of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the latest technology of chickpea production potential, technological gap, extension gap, technology index and economic benefit of improved technologies consisting suitable varieties GNG 1581, integrated nutrient management (20:40:0 NPK kg/ha + Rhizobium + PSB @ 20 g/kg seed) and integrated pest management (deep ploughing + seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae @ 6 g/kg seed +pheromone trap @ 10/ha + spray of Quinalphos @ 1.2 l/ha with 600 litres of water) at Rajsamand, Railmagra and Amet blocks of Rajsamand district during 2015-16 to 2017-18. The results revealed that FLD recorded higher yield as compared to farmers’ practices over the years of study. The improved technologies recorded average yield of 18.94 q ha-1 which was 27.97 per cent higher than that obtained with farmer’s practices of 14.81 q ha-1. In spite of increase in yield of chickpea, technological gap, extension gap and technology index existed which was 4.06, 4.13 q ha-1 and 17.67 per cent, respectively. The extension gap can be bridged by popularizing package of practices where in stress need to be laid on improved variety, use of proper seed rate, balanced nutrient application and proper plant protection measures. Improved technologies gave higher net return of Rs. 67727 ha-1 with benefit cost ratio 4.88 as compared to local check (Rs. 50487 ha-1, benefit cost ratio 4.22).


Author(s):  
P. Deka ◽  
B. K. Baishya ◽  
G. Bhagawati ◽  
M. K. Bhuyan ◽  
R. K. Nath

The present study was carried out at five different villages of Kokrajhar district of Assam where cluster front line demonstration (CFLD) of High Yielding Variety (HYV) of rape seed (TS 46) was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kokrajhar.  A total of 652 nos. of front line demonstration (FLD)s were evaluated to find out the yield gaps between HYV toria variety TS 46 and variety grown by farmers. Yield data of both demonstration and farmers practice were recorded and their yield gap, technology gap, extension gap and technology index were analyzed. The yield of rape seed variety TS 46 was registered 22.38 to 50.00 per cent higher over farmer’s variety. On an average technology gap, extension gap and technology index were recorded as 2.28qha-1, 2.08 qha-1 and 20.73 per cent respectively.


Author(s):  
Kamal Kant ◽  
S. K. Gupta ◽  
. Ghanshyam ◽  
Sanoj Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
...  

The study was conducted to analyze the influence of yield and economic viability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) under varietal replacement demonstration in Bhagalpur District, Bihar, India during Rabi 2018-2019. Varietal adoption demonstrations were conducted on tomato by the active participation of the farmers. The improved technologies consist disease resistant variety (Kashi Vishesh), balanced fertilizers (Soil test based) application and integrated pest and disease management, etc. (All the recommended practices were provided to the selected farmers. The data related to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per scheduled and analysed. Results of the study revealed the higher yield in the demonstrations was recorded (498 q/ha) as compared to farmers practice traditional adopted by the farmers (396 q/ha). The percentage increase in the yield over farmer’s practice 25.75 was recorded. The technology gap, extension gap and technology index were computed 132 q/ha, 102 q/ha and 20.95% respectively. The demonstrated field gave higher net return Rs. 4, 02,000/- and B: C ratio and incremental demonstrated B: C ratio is 1: 4.12 and 1: 5.18 respectively. The result of the study indicated the gap existed in the potential yield and demonstration yield is due to soil fertility and weather conditions. Present results clearly show that the yield and economics of tomato can be boost up by adopting recommended technologies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4228
Author(s):  
Kao-Chang Tu ◽  
Han-Ting Shih ◽  
Shih-Chieh Tang ◽  
Cheng-Hung Lee ◽  
Wei-Jen Liao ◽  
...  

Purpose: Maintaining gap balance is critical for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to elucidate if the extension–flexion gaps would be changed with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) intact (PI) and PCL resection (PR) during TKA. The flexion gaps were measured using two methods, open-(Fo) and closed-chain position (Fc), based on the definition of kinetic chain position, respectively. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled a total of 33 patients who underwent posterior-stabilized (PS) TKA for symptomatic advanced osteoarthritis of knees. After bone cuts were completed, the extension–flexion gaps before and after PCL resection during TKA were measured using a calibrated tensioning device set at a 100 Nm distraction force. To further differentiate the effect of thigh weight on the 90° flexion gap, two varied methods of examination, either in closed chain (Fc) or open chain (Fo) were performed. Results: The increases in the 90° knee flexion gap after PCL resection were measured by both methods, i.e., ΔFc (PR-Fc—PI-Fc): 2.04 ± 2.06 mm, p < 0.001; and mean ΔFo (PR-Fo—PI-Fo): 1.64 ± 1.36 mm, p < 0.001. However, there were no differences between ΔFc and ΔFo before and after PCL resection. A greater amount of flexion gap was identified in open chain than in closed chain after PCL resection, and the PR-Fo and PR-Fc were 14.36 ± 3.13 and 11.40 ± 3.47 (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The resection of PCL during TKA distinctly increased the flexion gap, but not the extension gap. This disproportionate increase of the gap will cause a gap balance mismatch. The tensioning maneuver in open-chain was more effective to detect the gap differences than in closed-chain before and after PCL resection during TKA.


Author(s):  
A. K. Boparai ◽  
Ritu Raj ◽  
Kuldeep Singh

Aims: Frontline demonstrations plots are vital tools used by the government agricultural extension agents of India in bridging the gaps between research and extension for increase crop productivity. The study aimed at minimizing the extension-technology gaps for increasing the productivity of chickpea crop in India. Study Design: Demonstrative design. Methodology: Total 121 demonstrations plots were constructed over an area of 30 ha for a period of three years - 2017-2019. Results: The result showed that average grain yield in the demonstration plot increased by 21.07% over the control fields. The mean technology gap and extension gap were 1.30 and 3.26 q ha-1, respectively with 6.51% technology index value. The average benefit cost ratio for the demonstration plots was 3.55, compared to the control plot, which was 2.95. Conclusion: It is concluded that the frontline demonstrations plots have a great potential to increase chickpea productivity in India. The demonstration techniques used can be adopted in diversifying crop production with improper irrigation facilities in order to increase food security in India.


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