LGR4 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated With Bone and Obesity Phenotypes in Chinese Female Nuclear Families

ObjectiveThe current study was conducted to determine whether peak bone mineral density (BMD) and obesity phenotypes are associated with certain LGR4 gene polymorphisms found in Chinese nuclear families with female children.MethodsA total of 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in and around the LGR4 gene were identified in 1,300 subjects who were members of 390 Chinese nuclear families with female children. Then, BMD readings of the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine as well as measurements of the total lean mass (TLM), total fat mass (TFM), and trunk fat mass were obtained via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The quantitative transmission disequilibrium test was used to analyze the associations between specific SNPs and LGR4 haplotypes and peak BMD as well as between LGR4 haplotypes and TLM, percent lean mass, TFM, percent fat mass, trunk fat mass, and body mass index (BMI).ResultsHere, rs7936621 was significantly associated with the BMD values for the total hip and lumbar spine, while rs10835171 and rs6484295 were associated with the trunk fat mass and BMI, respectively. Regarding the haplotypes, we found significant associations between GAA in block 2 and trunk fat mass and BMI, between AGCGT in block 3 and total hip BMD, between TGCTCC in block 5 and femoral neck BMD, and between TACTTC in block 5 and both lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD (all P-values < 0.05).ConclusionGenetic variations of the LGR4 gene are related to peak BMD, BMI, and trunk fat mass.

An Updated Reference for Calculating Bone Mineral Density T-Scores

Context Bone mineral density (BMD) T-score reference may be updated when the peak BMD of the population is unclear and may need to be updated. Objective To update BMD T-score references using the peak BMD from the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The NHANES 2005-2014. Participants Non-Hispanic white females between the ages 10-40 years (N=1549) were our target population to estimate peak BMD (SD). Individuals aged≥50 years (N=5523) were used to compare the percentages of osteoporosis and low bone mass based on existing and updated BMD T-score references. Main Outcome Measurements: BMD data within the age at attainment of peak BMD±5 years were used to calculate updated BMD T-score references. Results The updated average of BMD (SD) for diagnosing osteoporosis at the femoral neck and lumbar spine were 0.888 g/cm 2 (0.121 g/cm 2) and 1.065 g/cm 2 (0.122 g/cm 2), respectively. The percentages of individuals with osteoporosis at the femoral neck and low bone mass at the femoral neck and lumbar spine based on the updated BMD T-score references were higher than the percentages of people designated with these outcomes under the existing guidelines (P<0.001). However, we observed the opposite pattern for lumbar spine osteoporosis (P<0.001). Conclusions We calculated new BMD T-score references at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. We found significant differences in the percentages of individuals classified as having osteoporosis and low bone mass between the updated and existing BMD T-score references.

The Risk Factors Osteopenia on Adolescent

Introduction: Osteopenia is a condition which means the bone mineral density (BMD/BoneMineral Density) is lower than the normal peak BMD but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.Risk factors that can lead to osteopenia are smoking, drinking softdrinks, less activity, dieting,rarely affected sun and drinking alcohol. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of asteopenia onadolesences. Method: The study design used descriptive. The sample used was a high school studentMagetan total of 100 respondents were collected by random sampling. Data were collected withquestionniare and analyzed with procentage. Result: From the results of a study of 100 respondents wasobtained from less activity factors 5 respondents (5%), rarely exposed to sunlight obtained 32 respondents(32%), dieting factor obtained 34 respondents (34%) smoke got 49 respondents (49%), drinkalcohol obtained 18 respondents (18%),and drink softdrink obtained 40 respondents (40%) at risk forosteopenia. Discussion: From the results it can be concluded that smoking is the highest risk factor inthe incidence of osteopenia among adolescent. Nicotine contained in cigarettes can reduce absobsicalcium in the bones and cause a decrease in bone density. For any subsequent researchers are expectedto conduct research about the relationship of smoking with risk factors for adolescent osteopenia .

Progesterone and Bone: Actions Promoting Bone Health in Women

Estradiol () and progesterone () collaborate within bone remodelling on resorption () and formation (). We integrate evidence that may prevent and, with antiresorptives, treat women's osteoporosis. stimulates osteoblast differentiationin vitro. Menarche () and onset of ovulation () both contribute to peak BMD. Meta-analysis of 5 studies confirms that regularly cycling premenopausal women lose bone mineral density (BMD) related to subclinical ovulatory disturbances (SODs). Cyclic progestin prevents bone loss in healthy premenopausal women with amenorrhea or SOD. BMD loss is more rapid in perimenopause than postmenopause—decreased bone formation due to deficiency contributes. In 4 placebo-controlled RCTs, BMD loss is not prevented by in postmenopausal women with increased bone turnover. However, 5 studies of -MPA co-therapy show greater BMD increases versus alone. fracture data are lacking. prevents bone loss in pre- and possibly perimenopausal women; progesterone co-therapy with antiresorptives may increase bone formation and BMD.