“Kapsukism” and the “Angarietists”: The Conflict between Leaders of the Communist Party of Lithuania in 1926–1927

From about 1923 onwards, two leaders of the Communist Party of Lithuania (CPL), Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis and Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, began to disagree on the tactics and direction of the party. In 1925–1926, because of the workload in the Comintern apparatus and the subsequent illness of V. Kapsukas, Z. Angarietis began to dominate in CPL matters and isolated V. Kapsukas from decision-making within the CPL and information pertaining to it. When V. Kapsukas recovered from his illness, he sought to recover his positions and wrote an appeal to the Comintern Executive Committee, asking the committee to resolve the conflict. Because of this, the conflict got more personal: both individuals started to gather supporters, initiating a power struggle for leadership positions, while the conflict itself, beginning with a disagreement about tactics, evolved into a personal matter. The Comintern formed a commission to resolve the conflict, but they took a balancing position: the commission wanted to maintain the status quo, but instead managed only to delay and not resolve the conflict.

“The Referee Plays to Be Insulted!”: An Exploratory Qualitative Study on the Spanish Football Referees’ Experiences of Aggression, Violence, and Coping

Referees are essential participants in the sport of football. They are responsible for enforcing the rules and achieving the necessary impartiality for the matches. Referees are often target of hostile reactions from fans, players, and coaches. However, few studies have focused on these experiences and the strategies they use to manage them. In order to fill this gap, a qualitative interview-based study was developed to explore the experiences of a group of football referees (four males and four females) on aggression, violence, and coping. A thematic analysis was developed combining inductive and deductive processes. Results indicated that the most frequent aggressions experienced were verbal abuse. Most of the aggressions from spectators were of a sexist nature. When aggressions were considered normal by referees, symbolic violence emerged. Racist aggressions were directed to the two Moroccan participants. Problem and emotional-focused coping strategies were identified. The two most common referee responses to coaches’ and players’ verbal abuse were penalties and send-off calls. Smiling and not considering insults as a personal matter were two emotional-focused coping strategies used toward spectator aggressions. Implications for the referees’ job and well-being as well as the quality of football competitions were highlighted to reduce aggressions and violence and to help referees to cope with hostile behaviors.

Increasing the Ability and Legal Awareness of the Tanah Merah Dajah Village Community Regarding Domestic Violent Crimes

Tanah Merah Dajah Village is not too far from the city of Bangkalan, it does not mean that the community has enough information about many things. Limited access and varying levels of education, economic conditions and a wrong understanding of religion, socially there are quite serious problems in society, namely about violence in the household. Among the community, including in thevillage community, it Tanah Merah Dajah has become a kind of tradition or habit to cover up acts of violence, especially domestic violence (KDRT) experienced by women and children. Until now, the problem of domestic violence is still considered a disgrace. Even if some of the victims asked for help from village officials, this was done secretly and the purpose of reporting to village officials was to make peace. In practice, the village apparatus conducts mediation to bridge these problems, so that the problems do not spread out. The settlement by the Village Head did not end the domestic violence, but it often repeated itself. The understanding residents of Tanah Merah Dajah Village, Tanah Merah Sub-district regarding domestic violence as a form of crime prior to the implementation of the legal socialization program is still low. This can be seen from the perception of society that views domestic violence as a personal matter which is a disgrace and must be kept tightly, even with family.Keywords: Legal Awareness, Domestic, Violent, Crimes

Legal Effect of the Declaration of Invalidity of a Personal Command of Dismissing from Service in the Context of Restoration to Service Based on the Art. 42 (1) Act of 6 April 1990 on the Police

The paper was entirely devoted to the issues connected with the legal effects which are caused by declaration of invalidity of a personal command of dismissing from service. A special procedure has been introduced in the Act on the Police which allows for the restoration to service these officers whose personal command of dismissing from service has been declared invalid. In accordance Art. 42 (1) Act on the Police an overrule or a declaration of invalidity of the decision of dismissing from service in the Police because of its defectiveness is the basis for restoration to service to an equivalent appointment. Therefore, essential elements of the institution of restoration for service were indicated, in particular the legal effects which this institution invokes in the sphere of the personal matter of police officer restored to service. Mutual relations between the institution of restoration to service and declaration of invalidity of administrative decision of dismissing from service in the Police there were also discussed. It was confirmed that the declaration of invalidity of the personal command of dismissing from service does not eliminate all the effects of this decision ex tunc. The institution contained in art. 42 (1) Act on the Police is not intended to restore the state existing before the issuance of a defective personal command of dissmissing from service but to reactivate the service relationship under the conditions existing before that dismissal (ex nunc). On the other hand, the declaration of invalidity of a personal command of dismissing from service states the basis for restoration to service.