Integration of 3D Hydrodynamic Focused Microreactor with Microfluidic Chemiluminescence Sensing for Online Synthesis and Catalytical Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

Chemiluminescence assays have shown great advantages compared with other optical techniques. Gold nanoparticles have drawn much attention in chemiluminescence analysis systems as an enzyme-free catalyst. The catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles for chemiluminescence sensing depends on size, shape and the surface charge property, which is hard to characterize in batches. As there is no positive or negative correlation between chemiluminescence signals and sizes of gold nanoparticles, the best way to get optimal gold nanoparticles is to control the reaction conditions via online chemiluminescence sensing systems. Therefore, a new method was developed for online synthesis of gold nanoparticles with a three-dimension hydrodynamic focusing microreactor, directly coupled with a microfluidic chemiluminescence sensing chip, which was coupled to a charge-coupled device camera for direct catalytical characterization of gold nanoparticles. All operations were performed in an automatic way with a program controlled by Matlab. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized through a single-phase reaction using glucose as a reducing agent and stabilizer at room temperature. The property of gold nanoparticles was easily controlled with the three-dimension microreactor during synthesis. The catalyst property of synthesized gold nanoparticles was characterized in a luminol–NaOCl chemiluminescence system. After optimizing parameters of synthesis, the chemiluminescence signal was enhanced to a factor of 171. The gold nanoparticles synthesized under optimal conditions for the luminol–NaOCl system were stable for at least one month. To further investigate the catalytic activity of synthesized gold nanoparticles in various situations, two methods were used to change the property of gold nanoparticles. After adding a certain amount of salt (NaCl), gold nanoparticles aggregated with a changed surface charge property and the catalytic activity was greatly enhanced. Glutathione was used as an example of molecules with thiol groups which interact with gold nanoparticles and reduce the catalytic activity. The chemiluminescence intensity was reduced by 98.9%. Therefore, we could show that using a microreactor for gold nanoparticles synthesis and direct coupling with microfluidic chemiluminescence sensing offers a promising monitoring method to find the best synthesis condition of gold nanoparticles for catalytic activity.

Surface Charge Property of SiR/SiC Composites with Field-Dependent Conductivity

An electrical field distorted by the complicated cable accessory structure and non-uniform temperature distribution is a significant threat to high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable. Thus, the field grading material (FGM) with nonlinear conductivity can uniform local field receives attention. This chapter focuses on the surface charge property of SiR/SiC composites effected by temperature. Field strength and SiC content have a positive effect on the increase in conductivity. When the temperature increases, the threshold field decreases. At high SiC content, this phenomenon is more obvious. The influence of temperature is considered under DC voltage and impulse superimposed DC voltage.

Electrophoresis of pH-regulated nanoparticles: impact of the Stern layer

The Stern layer effect on the surface charge property and electrophoretic motion of pH-regulated silica nanoparticles is investigated theoretically.