The Nucleolar Localization Signal of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Capsid Protein Is Essential for Interaction With Serine-48 Residue of Nucleolar Phosphoprotein Nucleophosmin-1

Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is an emerging etiological agent which was first detected in 2019. The nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) of PCV4 Cap protein and its binding host cellular proteins are still not elucidated. In the present study, we discovered a distinct novel NoLS of PCV4 Cap, which bound to the nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1). The NoLS of PCV4 Cap and serine-48 residue at the N-terminal oligomerization domain of NPM1 were necessary for PCV4 Cap/NPM1 interaction. Furthermore, the charge property of serine residue at position 48 of the NPM1 was crucial for its oligomerization and interaction with PCV4 Cap. In summary, our findings show for the first time that the PCV4 Cap NoLS and the NPM1 oligomerization determine the interaction of Cap/NPM1.

Design and Fabrication of Electric Motorcycle

The vehicles on road are increasing with rapid rate which is good by transportation perspective and hence the growing need of oil-based fuel making transportation costly as the price of oil based fuel rising too. The quantity of oil-based fuel remains unchecked and the exhaust from oil-based fuel brings environmental problems like ‘‘green house effect’’, health issues for the operating environment. The electric vehicles is a good option for moving away with problems related to the oil-based fuel lot of researches is going on in world and money is being spent on the development of the electric vehicles. The problem related with electric vehicles are electric vehicles have low speed, having low load carrying capacity, and batteries having short life. The main aim of this research paper is to give an idea about fabrication of simple, cost effective electric motorcycle which can be done by replacing internal combustion engine and other components with brush less direct current gear motor, controller and lithium-ion battery. This electric motorcycle uses 48V 750w brushless direct current gear motor to propel the vehicle, lithium-ion battery as power source the brushless direct current motor. The 48v 750w brushless direct current gear motor have high load carrying capacity with acceptable speed and lithium-ion battery have more life than other batteries available in market such as lead acid battery. The lithium-ion battery has less weight, quick charge property, required less storage space compare to other batteries available in market.

Integration of 3D Hydrodynamic Focused Microreactor with Microfluidic Chemiluminescence Sensing for Online Synthesis and Catalytical Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

Chemiluminescence assays have shown great advantages compared with other optical techniques. Gold nanoparticles have drawn much attention in chemiluminescence analysis systems as an enzyme-free catalyst. The catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles for chemiluminescence sensing depends on size, shape and the surface charge property, which is hard to characterize in batches. As there is no positive or negative correlation between chemiluminescence signals and sizes of gold nanoparticles, the best way to get optimal gold nanoparticles is to control the reaction conditions via online chemiluminescence sensing systems. Therefore, a new method was developed for online synthesis of gold nanoparticles with a three-dimension hydrodynamic focusing microreactor, directly coupled with a microfluidic chemiluminescence sensing chip, which was coupled to a charge-coupled device camera for direct catalytical characterization of gold nanoparticles. All operations were performed in an automatic way with a program controlled by Matlab. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized through a single-phase reaction using glucose as a reducing agent and stabilizer at room temperature. The property of gold nanoparticles was easily controlled with the three-dimension microreactor during synthesis. The catalyst property of synthesized gold nanoparticles was characterized in a luminol–NaOCl chemiluminescence system. After optimizing parameters of synthesis, the chemiluminescence signal was enhanced to a factor of 171. The gold nanoparticles synthesized under optimal conditions for the luminol–NaOCl system were stable for at least one month. To further investigate the catalytic activity of synthesized gold nanoparticles in various situations, two methods were used to change the property of gold nanoparticles. After adding a certain amount of salt (NaCl), gold nanoparticles aggregated with a changed surface charge property and the catalytic activity was greatly enhanced. Glutathione was used as an example of molecules with thiol groups which interact with gold nanoparticles and reduce the catalytic activity. The chemiluminescence intensity was reduced by 98.9%. Therefore, we could show that using a microreactor for gold nanoparticles synthesis and direct coupling with microfluidic chemiluminescence sensing offers a promising monitoring method to find the best synthesis condition of gold nanoparticles for catalytic activity.

Incorporation of CNF with Different Charge Property into PVP Hydrogel and Its Characteristics

Cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-added polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogels were prepared using different types of CNFs and their properties were investigated. CNFs with different morphology and surface charge properties were prepared through quaternization and carboxymethylation pretreatments. The quaternized CNF exhibited the narrow and uniform width, and higher viscoelastic property compared to untreated and carboxymethylated CNF. When CNF was incorporated to PVP hydrogel, gel contents of all hydrogels were similar, irrespective of CNF addition quantity or CNF type. However, the absorptivity of the hydrogels in a swelling medium increased by adding CNF. In particular, the quaternized CNF-added PVP hydrogel exhibited the highest swelling ability. Unlike that of hydrogels with untreated and carboxymethylated CNFs, the storage modulus of PVP hydrogels after swelling significantly increased with an increase in the content of the quaternized CNF. These indicate that a PVP hydrogel with a high absorptivity and storage modulus can be prepared by incorporating the proper type of CNF.

The serine-48 residue of nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin-1 plays critical role in subcellular localization and interaction with porcine circovirus type 3 capsid protein

The transport of circovirus capsid protein into nucleus is essential for viral replication in infected cell. However, the role of nucleolar shuttle proteins during porcine circovirus 3 capsid protein (PCV3 Cap) import is still not understood. Here, we report a previously unidentified nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) of PCV3 Cap, which hijacks the nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1) to facilitate nucleolar localization of PCV3 Cap. The NoLS of PCV3 Cap and serine-48 residue of N-terminal oligomerization domain of NPM1 are essential for PCV3 Cap/NPM1 interaction. In addition, charge property of serine-48 residue of NPM1 is critical for nucleolar localization and interaction with PCV3 Cap. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that NPM1 interacts with PCV3 Cap and is responsible for its nucleolar localization.

Tunable nanogels by host–guest interaction with carboxylate pillar[5]arene for controlled encapsulation and release of doxorubicin

Carboxylate-pillar[5]arene can be used to change the charge property and content of carboxylate group in nanogels by supramolecular host–guest interaction, which can tune the hydrolysis of the nanogels and encapsulation and release of doxorubicin.

Surface Charge Property of SiR/SiC Composites with Field-Dependent Conductivity

An electrical field distorted by the complicated cable accessory structure and non-uniform temperature distribution is a significant threat to high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable. Thus, the field grading material (FGM) with nonlinear conductivity can uniform local field receives attention. This chapter focuses on the surface charge property of SiR/SiC composites effected by temperature. Field strength and SiC content have a positive effect on the increase in conductivity. When the temperature increases, the threshold field decreases. At high SiC content, this phenomenon is more obvious. The influence of temperature is considered under DC voltage and impulse superimposed DC voltage.