« De nos envoyés spéciaux »

FR. L’envoyé spécial n’est jamais étudié en tant que catégorie spécifique par les études sur le journalisme. Il est tantôt considéré pour sa spécialité (par exemple politique internationale), son statut dans le journal (grand reporter ou pigiste), tantôt pour son genre d’écriture (grand reportage, chronique). L’appellation semble ainsi transparente, voire insignifiante. Mon article tente d’en cerner l’usage dans le cadre de la presse sportive. Dans un premier temps, il fait la distinction entre l’expression au singulier et au pluriel et il montre la fréquence de son usage grâce à une analyse numérique. Dans un second temps, il étudie la variété de ses emplois à propos d’un événement particulier : le reportage du Tour de France. L’analyse met en évidence des interventions que l’on peut qualifier de kaléidoscopiques, figurées dans l’espace même du journal par la typographie et l’éclatement entre plusieurs pages plus ou moins clairement consacrées au sport ou à l’événement particulier du Tour. Ce phénomène est par ailleurs multiplié par les liens que le journal quotidien entretient avec d’autres médias (photos, radios, magazines). En conclusion, il apparaît que l’envoyé spécial est une catégorie proprement journalistique, qui n’a pas d’utilité à l’extérieur de la publication périodique. Alors que nombre d’acteurs de la presse ou de rubriques existent à côté ou en dehors de celle-ci — on peut publier des reportages, des chroniques, des feuilletons sous forme d’ouvrages —l’envoyé spécial est par nature lié à un événement qui justifie et absorbe sa raison d’être. Il redevient journaliste, écrivain ou simple témoin dès que cette actualité est achevée ou dès que son rôle immédiat s’achève. *** EN. The figure of the special correspondent has never been considered by journalism studies as a specific category. Instead, special correspondents are generally categorized by field of expertise (foreign affairs for instance), the position held in the newsroom (senior reporter or freelancer), or the type of articles written (reportage, column, interviews, etc.). This categorization might seem unnoticeable, even anecdotal. This article attempts to identify its use in the context of the sports press. First, we make a distinction between the singular and the plural forms of this expression. We also highlight the frequency of their use through numerical analysis. Second, the diversity of its uses is studied in the context of a particular event: the Tour de France. The analysis highlights how contributions by correspondents constitute a kaleidoscope that takes shape through the typography and the presence of the topic in multiple pages in a newspaper, might the content be centered on the cycling performances or on the Tour as a social event. This phenomenon is amplified through links connecting daily newspapers and other media (photos, radio, magazines). Finally, the figure of the correspondent appears to be a category strictly limited to journalism and has no relevance outside the sphere of periodical publishing. While a number of press actors and sections also exists outside the world of journalism - reportages, column or news stories can also be published as books - the correspondent is by nature anchored to an event that justifies and absorbs his or her raison d'être. He or she becomes again a journalist, a writer or a simple witness, as soon as the event is over or as soon as the role of correspondent comes to an end. *** PT. O enviado especial nunca é analisado enquanto categoria específica pelos estudos de jornalismo. O termo, ora considerado por sua especialidade (por exemplo, na política internacional), ora por seu status no jornal (grande repórter ou freelancer), ora por seu gênero de escrita (grande reportagem, crônica), se torna transparente ou até insignificante. O presente artigo busca apreender seu uso no contexto da imprensa esportiva. Num primeiro momento, busca-se distinguir as formas singular e plural do termo e levantar sua frequência de uso por meio da análise de corpus. Depois, investiga-se a variação de seus usos em relação a um evento particular: a cobertura do Tour de France. A análise identifica ocorrências que podem ser descritas como caleidoscópicas, editadas no próprio espaço do jornal pela tipografia e pela divisão em múltiplas páginas, mais ou menos claramente dedicadas ao esporte ou ao evento particular do Tour. Esse fenômeno é também multiplicado pelos vínculos que o jornal diário estabelece com outros meios de comunicação (fotos, rádio, revistas). Em conclusão, ressalta-se que o enviado especial é uma categoria propriamente jornalística, desprovida de utilidade para além da publicação periódica. Enquanto muitos atores ou seções da imprensa coexistem ao lado ou fora dela - relatórios, crônicas e séries podem ser publicados em forma de livros -, o enviado especial vincula-se por natureza a um evento que justifica e absorve sua razão de ser. Ele volta a ser jornalista, escritor ou simples testemunha ao final do evento ou assim que seu papel imediato foi concluído. ***

A Low-Cost Neutral Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with Dendrite-Free Tin Anode

A neutral aqueous tin-based flow battery is proposed by employing Sn2+/Sn as active materials for the negative side, [Fe(CN)6]3-/ Fe(CN)6]4- as active materials for the positive side, and potassium chloride as the supporting electrolyte, and its overall performances and cost for capacity unit are investigated. Cyclic voltammetry is performed and shows that the Sn2+/Sn has outstanding electrochemical behavior. The charging-discharging tests are conducted with the optimized electrolyte composition of 0.2 M [Fe(CN)6]3- and 3 M KCl. It is shown that the flow cell can reach a high energy efficiency of 80% at 10 mA cm-2 and be stably operated at 40 mA cm-2. The 120-cycling test shows that the flow cell can be of superior cycling performances, benefitting from the dendrite-free property of tin. Finally, cost analysis further confirms its competitiveness in price, offering a promising future for commercial application. This work not only forms a promising energy storage device with dendrite-free and low-cost benefits, but also provide a deep insight into its overall behavior, which is highly beneficial to the full understanding and further advancement of the proposed neutral tin-iron flow battery.

Interface Engineering via Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrolyte Additive toward Dendrite-Free Zinc Deposition

Zinc metal batteries have been considered as a promising candidate for next-generation batteries due to their high safety and low cost. However, their practical applications are severely hampered by the poor cyclability that caused by the undesired dendrite growth of metallic Zn. Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene was first used as electrolyte additive to facilitate the uniform Zn deposition by controlling the nucleation and growth process of Zn. Such MXene additives can not only be absorbed on Zn foil to induce uniform initial Zn deposition via providing abundant zincophilic-O groups and subsequently participate in the formation of robust solid-electrolyte interface film, but also accelerate ion transportation by reducing the Zn2+ concentration gradient at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Consequently, MXene-containing electrolyte realizes dendrite-free Zn plating/striping with high Coulombic efficiency (99.7%) and superior reversibility (stably up to 1180 cycles). When applied in full cell, the Zn-V2O5 cell also delivers significantly improved cycling performances. This work provides a facile yet effective method for developing reversible zinc metal batteries.

Constructing compatible interface between Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte and LiCoO2 cathode for stable cycling performances at 4.5 V

With high theoretical capacity and tap density, LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode has been extensively utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage devices. However, the bottleneck of structural and interfacial instabilities...

Dimethyl trimethylsilyl phosphite as a novel electrolyte additive for high voltage layered lithium cobaltate-based lithium ion batteries

The addition of 0.5 wt.% of DMTMSP to the electrolyte could improve the low-temperature discharge and cycling performances of high voltage layered lithium cobaltate-based lithium ion batteries.

Construction of hetero-epitaxial nanostructure at the interface of Li-rich cathode materials to boost the rate capability and cycling performances

Lithium-rich cathode materials are considered to be promising candidate cathode materials for the next-generation Li-ion batteries owing to their high specific capacities and low cost. Nevertheless, they still suffer from...