scholarly journals « De nos envoyés spéciaux »

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-103
Author(s):  
Paul Aron

FR. L’envoyé spécial n’est jamais étudié en tant que catégorie spécifique par les études sur le journalisme. Il est tantôt considéré pour sa spécialité (par exemple politique internationale), son statut dans le journal (grand reporter ou pigiste), tantôt pour son genre d’écriture (grand reportage, chronique). L’appellation semble ainsi transparente, voire insignifiante. Mon article tente d’en cerner l’usage dans le cadre de la presse sportive. Dans un premier temps, il fait la distinction entre l’expression au singulier et au pluriel et il montre la fréquence de son usage grâce à une analyse numérique. Dans un second temps, il étudie la variété de ses emplois à propos d’un événement particulier : le reportage du Tour de France. L’analyse met en évidence des interventions que l’on peut qualifier de kaléidoscopiques, figurées dans l’espace même du journal par la typographie et l’éclatement entre plusieurs pages plus ou moins clairement consacrées au sport ou à l’événement particulier du Tour. Ce phénomène est par ailleurs multiplié par les liens que le journal quotidien entretient avec d’autres médias (photos, radios, magazines). En conclusion, il apparaît que l’envoyé spécial est une catégorie proprement journalistique, qui n’a pas d’utilité à l’extérieur de la publication périodique. Alors que nombre d’acteurs de la presse ou de rubriques existent à côté ou en dehors de celle-ci — on peut publier des reportages, des chroniques, des feuilletons sous forme d’ouvrages —l’envoyé spécial est par nature lié à un événement qui justifie et absorbe sa raison d’être. Il redevient journaliste, écrivain ou simple témoin dès que cette actualité est achevée ou dès que son rôle immédiat s’achève. *** EN. The figure of the special correspondent has never been considered by journalism studies as a specific category. Instead, special correspondents are generally categorized by field of expertise (foreign affairs for instance), the position held in the newsroom (senior reporter or freelancer), or the type of articles written (reportage, column, interviews, etc.). This categorization might seem unnoticeable, even anecdotal. This article attempts to identify its use in the context of the sports press. First, we make a distinction between the singular and the plural forms of this expression. We also highlight the frequency of their use through numerical analysis. Second, the diversity of its uses is studied in the context of a particular event: the Tour de France. The analysis highlights how contributions by correspondents constitute a kaleidoscope that takes shape through the typography and the presence of the topic in multiple pages in a newspaper, might the content be centered on the cycling performances or on the Tour as a social event. This phenomenon is amplified through links connecting daily newspapers and other media (photos, radio, magazines). Finally, the figure of the correspondent appears to be a category strictly limited to journalism and has no relevance outside the sphere of periodical publishing. While a number of press actors and sections also exists outside the world of journalism - reportages, column or news stories can also be published as books - the correspondent is by nature anchored to an event that justifies and absorbs his or her raison d'être. He or she becomes again a journalist, a writer or a simple witness, as soon as the event is over or as soon as the role of correspondent comes to an end. *** PT. O enviado especial nunca é analisado enquanto categoria específica pelos estudos de jornalismo. O termo, ora considerado por sua especialidade (por exemplo, na política internacional), ora por seu status no jornal (grande repórter ou freelancer), ora por seu gênero de escrita (grande reportagem, crônica), se torna transparente ou até insignificante. O presente artigo busca apreender seu uso no contexto da imprensa esportiva. Num primeiro momento, busca-se distinguir as formas singular e plural do termo e levantar sua frequência de uso por meio da análise de corpus. Depois, investiga-se a variação de seus usos em relação a um evento particular: a cobertura do Tour de France. A análise identifica ocorrências que podem ser descritas como caleidoscópicas, editadas no próprio espaço do jornal pela tipografia e pela divisão em múltiplas páginas, mais ou menos claramente dedicadas ao esporte ou ao evento particular do Tour. Esse fenômeno é também multiplicado pelos vínculos que o jornal diário estabelece com outros meios de comunicação (fotos, rádio, revistas). Em conclusão, ressalta-se que o enviado especial é uma categoria propriamente jornalística, desprovida de utilidade para além da publicação periódica. Enquanto muitos atores ou seções da imprensa coexistem ao lado ou fora dela - relatórios, crônicas e séries podem ser publicados em forma de livros -, o enviado especial vincula-se por natureza a um evento que justifica e absorve sua razão de ser. Ele volta a ser jornalista, escritor ou simples testemunha ao final do evento ou assim que seu papel imediato foi concluído. ***

2020 ◽  
pp. 194016122096041
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Hallin ◽  
Tine Ustad Figenschou ◽  
Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud

This study examines health news in Norwegian, Spanish, British, and U.S. newspapers. It seeks to fill a gap in journalism studies in the examination of health news as a genre, particularly in a comparative context, and with a focus on broader social and political roles and meanings of health news, rather than effects on individual behavior. It is rooted in literatures that seek to understand health journalism in sociological terms, considering the role of health journalism in relation to institutional relationships between biomedicine, the market, and the state. It departs, in particular, from the theory of biomedicalization, which holds that the field of biomedicine, increasingly transformed into a complex, commercialized “techno-service complex,” has deep cultural impact, including the spreading of a conception of an individualized patient-consumer who will actively seek information to control risk and pursue wellness. In this article, we ask whether research on health news centered around this model, mostly carried out in the United States, is generalizable to European countries where the health system is organized primarily according to a public service model. The study considers three aspects of health news content: the implied audience of news stories, distinguishing in particular between those that address readers as patient-consumers and those that address them as citizens; the distinction among biomedical, lifestyle, and social frames for understanding health issues; and the range of actors reflected in health news as sources and as story originators.


2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 157-176
Author(s):  
José Reig Cruañes ◽  
Cristina Perales-García

This study describes the relations between the press and political power, during the Spanish transition to democracy in the late 1970s, focusing on discursive relations between political actors with power or challenging power and the media which interpreted their developments. It analyses how the main media, in the discourse of their news stories and editorials, framed events to construct a ‘reality’ for the public, aiding or impeding the construction of a democratic public sphere. The study is based on an analysis of journalistic discourse in ABC, La Vanguardia, El País (daily newspapers) and Triunfo (a weekly political magazine) in their coverage of key events in the period between the death of Franco (November 1975) and the approval of the Basque and Catalan statutes (November 1979).


Author(s):  
Stefan Kadelbach

This chapter deals with the making, status, and interpretation of international treaties under the German Constitution. It describes the interrelationship of the different institutions in treaty-making and shows how a comparatively old provision of the German Basic Law has been adapted slowly to new circumstances over the past decades. Thus, even though foreign affairs has remained a domain of the executive, several developments have contributed to an enhanced role of Parliament over time. These developments are partly due to the role of special sectors of law such as EU law and the law governing the use of force and partly due to changes in constitutional practice. As for the status of treaties in German law, the Federal Constitutional Court has developed a stance according to which treaties generally share the rank of the legal act that implements them into domestic law. A notable exception is the European Convention of Human Rights, which has assumed a quasi-constitutional rank by means of consistent interpretation. Some reference is made to other continental systems to assess how far different constitutions bring about certain features; various systems appear similar in many respects at first sight, whereas features in which they differ may be a source of inspiration for future constitutional practice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205630512110088
Author(s):  
Colin Agur ◽  
Lanhuizi Gan

Scholars have recognized emotion as an increasingly important element in the reception and retransmission of online information. In the United States, because of existing differences in ideology, among both audiences and producers of news stories, political issues are prone to spark considerable emotional responses online. While much research has explored emotional responses during election campaigns, this study focuses on the role of online emotion in social media posts related to day-to-day governance in between election periods. Specifically, this study takes the 2018–2019 government shutdown as its subject of investigation. The data set shows the prominence of journalistic and political figures in leading the discussion of news stories, the nuance of emotions employed in the news frames, and the choice of pro-attitudinal news sharing.


Journalism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146488492110287
Author(s):  
Paul Mena

Amid the global discussion on ways to fight misinformation, journalists have been writing stories with graphical representations of data to expose misperceptions and provide readers with more accurate information. Employing an experimental design, this study explored to what extent news stories correcting misperceptions are effective in reducing them when the stories include data visualization and how influential readers’ prior beliefs, issue involvement and prior knowledge may be in that context. The study found that the presence of data visualization in news articles correcting misperceptions significantly enhanced the reduction of misperceptions among news readers with less than average prior knowledge about an issue. In addition, it was found that prior beliefs had a significant effect on news readers’ misperceptions regardless of the presence or absence of data visualization. In this way, this research offers some support for the notion that data visualization may be useful to decrease misperceptions under certain circumstances.


2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Thym

European Union – Common Foreign and Security Policy – Changes with the abolition of the pillar structure by the Lisbon Treaty – Common Security and Defence Policy – Executive order of the EU – Between supranationalism and intergovernmentalism – The role of the High Representative – Joint political leadership – The European External Action Service as an administrative infrastructure – Constitutionalisation of foreign affairs


2013 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Lance L P GORE

The new foreign policy team is more professional and with an Asian focus than its older counterpart. Although still fragmented, it may have stronger leadership and better coordination. This is critically important because China is at a defining moment as to its international role. Xi Jinping's closer ties with the military and his hands-on style may encourage assertive nationalism and more active role of the military in foreign affairs.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Didzis Kļaviņš

Summary The aim of this article is to identify and map innovation diplomacy actions in Denmark and Sweden using the ‘functions of innovation systems’ approach. Based on Hekkert et al.’s seven key system functions (Marko P. Hekkert, Roald A. A. Suurs, Simona O. Negro, Stefan Kuhlmann and Ruud E. H. M. Smits, ‘Functions of Innovation Systems: A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change’, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 74 (4) (2007), 413-432), the article assess the role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) in meeting governments’ innovation targets. The empirical analysis, including twelve semi-structured interviews with seventeen career diplomats, reveals the key initiatives that countries are taking in furthering their homeland’s innovation aims or ambitions. The study also asks whether the ‘diplomacy for innovation’ approach of both Scandinavian MFAs are consistent with the ‘whole-of-government’ and ‘whole-of-society’ approaches.


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vian Bakir

The Snowden leaks indicate the extent, nature, and means of contemporary mass digital surveillance of citizens by their intelligence agencies and the role of public oversight mechanisms in holding intelligence agencies to account. As such, they form a rich case study on the interactions of “veillance” (mutual watching) involving citizens, journalists, intelligence agencies and corporations. While Surveillance Studies, Intelligence Studies and Journalism Studies have little to say on surveillance of citizens’ data by intelligence agencies (and complicit surveillant corporations), they offer insights into the role of citizens and the press in holding power, and specifically the political-intelligence elite, to account. Attention to such public oversight mechanisms facilitates critical interrogation of issues of surveillant power, resistance and intelligence accountability. It directs attention to the <em>veillant panoptic assemblage</em> (an arrangement of profoundly unequal mutual watching, where citizens’ watching of self and others is, through corporate channels of data flow, fed back into state surveillance of citizens). Finally, it enables evaluation of post-Snowden steps taken towards achieving an <em>equiveillant panoptic assemblage</em> (where, alongside state and corporate surveillance of citizens, the intelligence-power elite, to ensure its accountability, faces robust scrutiny and action from wider civil society).


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