Focus on One or More? Cultural Similarities and Differences in How Parents Talk About Social Events to Preschool Children

How parents talk about social events shapes their children’s understanding of the social world and themselves. In this study, we show that parents in a society that more strongly values individualism (the United States) and one that more strongly values collectivism (Japan) differ in how they talk about negative social events, but not positive ones. An animal puppet show presented positive social events (e.g., giving a gift) and negative social events (e.g., knocking over another puppet’s block tower). All shows contained two puppets, an actor and a recipient of the event. We asked parents to talk to their 3- and 4-years old children about these events. A total of 26 parent–child dyads from the United States (M = 41.92 months) and Japan (M = 42.77 months) participated. The principal dependent measure was how much parent talk referred to the actor of each type of social event. There were no cultural differences observed in positive events – both the United States and Japanese parents discussed actors more than recipients. However, there were cultural differences observed in negative events – the United States parents talked mostly about the actor but Japanese parents talked equally about the actor and the recipient of the event. The potential influences of these differences on early cognitive and social development are discussed.

« De nos envoyés spéciaux »

FR. L’envoyé spécial n’est jamais étudié en tant que catégorie spécifique par les études sur le journalisme. Il est tantôt considéré pour sa spécialité (par exemple politique internationale), son statut dans le journal (grand reporter ou pigiste), tantôt pour son genre d’écriture (grand reportage, chronique). L’appellation semble ainsi transparente, voire insignifiante. Mon article tente d’en cerner l’usage dans le cadre de la presse sportive. Dans un premier temps, il fait la distinction entre l’expression au singulier et au pluriel et il montre la fréquence de son usage grâce à une analyse numérique. Dans un second temps, il étudie la variété de ses emplois à propos d’un événement particulier : le reportage du Tour de France. L’analyse met en évidence des interventions que l’on peut qualifier de kaléidoscopiques, figurées dans l’espace même du journal par la typographie et l’éclatement entre plusieurs pages plus ou moins clairement consacrées au sport ou à l’événement particulier du Tour. Ce phénomène est par ailleurs multiplié par les liens que le journal quotidien entretient avec d’autres médias (photos, radios, magazines). En conclusion, il apparaît que l’envoyé spécial est une catégorie proprement journalistique, qui n’a pas d’utilité à l’extérieur de la publication périodique. Alors que nombre d’acteurs de la presse ou de rubriques existent à côté ou en dehors de celle-ci — on peut publier des reportages, des chroniques, des feuilletons sous forme d’ouvrages —l’envoyé spécial est par nature lié à un événement qui justifie et absorbe sa raison d’être. Il redevient journaliste, écrivain ou simple témoin dès que cette actualité est achevée ou dès que son rôle immédiat s’achève. *** EN. The figure of the special correspondent has never been considered by journalism studies as a specific category. Instead, special correspondents are generally categorized by field of expertise (foreign affairs for instance), the position held in the newsroom (senior reporter or freelancer), or the type of articles written (reportage, column, interviews, etc.). This categorization might seem unnoticeable, even anecdotal. This article attempts to identify its use in the context of the sports press. First, we make a distinction between the singular and the plural forms of this expression. We also highlight the frequency of their use through numerical analysis. Second, the diversity of its uses is studied in the context of a particular event: the Tour de France. The analysis highlights how contributions by correspondents constitute a kaleidoscope that takes shape through the typography and the presence of the topic in multiple pages in a newspaper, might the content be centered on the cycling performances or on the Tour as a social event. This phenomenon is amplified through links connecting daily newspapers and other media (photos, radio, magazines). Finally, the figure of the correspondent appears to be a category strictly limited to journalism and has no relevance outside the sphere of periodical publishing. While a number of press actors and sections also exists outside the world of journalism - reportages, column or news stories can also be published as books - the correspondent is by nature anchored to an event that justifies and absorbs his or her raison d'être. He or she becomes again a journalist, a writer or a simple witness, as soon as the event is over or as soon as the role of correspondent comes to an end. *** PT. O enviado especial nunca é analisado enquanto categoria específica pelos estudos de jornalismo. O termo, ora considerado por sua especialidade (por exemplo, na política internacional), ora por seu status no jornal (grande repórter ou freelancer), ora por seu gênero de escrita (grande reportagem, crônica), se torna transparente ou até insignificante. O presente artigo busca apreender seu uso no contexto da imprensa esportiva. Num primeiro momento, busca-se distinguir as formas singular e plural do termo e levantar sua frequência de uso por meio da análise de corpus. Depois, investiga-se a variação de seus usos em relação a um evento particular: a cobertura do Tour de France. A análise identifica ocorrências que podem ser descritas como caleidoscópicas, editadas no próprio espaço do jornal pela tipografia e pela divisão em múltiplas páginas, mais ou menos claramente dedicadas ao esporte ou ao evento particular do Tour. Esse fenômeno é também multiplicado pelos vínculos que o jornal diário estabelece com outros meios de comunicação (fotos, rádio, revistas). Em conclusão, ressalta-se que o enviado especial é uma categoria propriamente jornalística, desprovida de utilidade para além da publicação periódica. Enquanto muitos atores ou seções da imprensa coexistem ao lado ou fora dela - relatórios, crônicas e séries podem ser publicados em forma de livros -, o enviado especial vincula-se por natureza a um evento que justifica e absorve sua razão de ser. Ele volta a ser jornalista, escritor ou simples testemunha ao final do evento ou assim que seu papel imediato foi concluído. ***

Act and event as a sociemic organization of the personality’s life path

An interdisciplinary study is devoted to substantiating the psychosociemic connection of events in the action-covital format of a person’s life path. The object of study are the principles, forms, methods and means of scientific cognition and construction of person’s social everyday life as a consequence of social situations, actions and events, and its subject – sociema as an open phenomenal plurality and at the same time as a distinguishing unit of fluid social eventfulness in the vitacultural time-space of the action-packed life path of personality. As a result of an implemented fundamental search, the truthfulness of the basic hypothesis, which contains two interrelated statements, is proved. The first advocates logical-semantic dependence of normative-methodological nature: in the rational-humanitarian system of cognition a social event, as well as continuous covital eventfulness of human life in general, can be adequately explained and described using a conscious concept of sociema, which characterizes the ideal picture of filling with the content a specific social event as a specific unit of the existential presence of the social in human life, organizes its spherical flow of consciousness and enables the actionful presence-self-realization in the situational flow of everyday life as an inspired personality. In particular, in this reflexive-theoretical perspective it has been processed such problematic topics as the person’s life world in a phenomenal-eventful clarification, his life path as a sequence of social events that cause personal ways of deed, as well as space and time as sociemic categories and main coordinates of social eventfulness in the projection on the individual trajectories of a person’s life path. The second hypothetical statement, which has received substantiated confirmation, has a descriptive-methodological direction: in social life the decisive role for sustainable progressive development of the personality belongs to the sociemic connection of events from birth to maturity, which determines its action-event line both as an actual life (self-active) path and self-growth and psycho-spiritual development. The specification of this assumption concerns two author’s themes, namely the characterization of a separate covital event as a condition and stage of mental capacity building and implementation by a person the socially oriented action and socio-psychological interpretation of the action-eventful composition of his mastering the world.

The Traditional Romanian Folk Dance in Şieuţ, Bistriţa-Năsăud County, as Part of the Winter Traditions and Customs. Carol Singers and the “Beer”

"The present study focuses on the custom of “Beer”, a remarkable event that shaped the evolution of the communities that were part of the Second Romanian Border Regiment at Năsăud, a military unit of the Austrian army in Transylvania between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It focuses specifically on the Şieuţ village and the detailed manner in which this social event was organized by the village’s young men between Christmas and the New Year, when young villagers could attend the “Beer”, an important occasion for social interaction. This research is based on a series of interviews with active community members from then and now and aims to offer an overview of the custom’s meaning and structure. According to tradition, during the Nativity Fast, young men would follow the call of the “bucin” and meet at the house of a host to plan the event. They were assigned the roles of “vătafi” and “colceri” who hired musicians for the event, while the “căprari” were responsible for collecting the traditional pastry received by carol singers. On Christmas Eve, they grouped and went caroling throughout the village. After the Christmas church service, the traditional folk dance (“Beer”) started at the host’s house. The traditional festive garments, the young men going caroling or the traditional men’s folk dance from Şieuţ, included in the UNESCO World Heritage, represent elements of this custom that have survived the passage of time, integrating the traditional into modern life. Keywords: Şieuţ, ”Beer”, Romanian folk dance, tradition, carol "

Matrimonial Strategies in Transylvania. Mihály Teleki’s First Marriage. “Remember: embittered hearts are healed with wine”

"The wedding and the marriage was a very important stage of early modern society life, it was not only a social event, but the boundary between childhood and adulthood. For a noble like Mihály Teleki, successful marriage helped to develop in administration and to improve economic resources. To Mihály Teleki marriage is an opportunity of upward social mobility. In this paper we discuss about these matrimonial strategies and we identify their meanings. Keywords: Mihály Teleki, early modern society, matrimonial strategies, Transylvania "

Sensing And Detecting Small-Scale Events Using Geosocial Media Data

<div>Small-scale events involve interactive human movement in limited space and time. Social media platforms possibly generate large amount of geospatially-referenced information related to small-scale events. It benefits individuals, management departments, and urban systems if small-scale events can be timely detected from social media platforms, where measuring the abnormal patterns of human movement to discover events and analyzing associated texts to interpret the reasons behind abnormal movement are two keys. Through investigating how people move as different events occur and measuring the patterns on social media platforms, small-scale events can be generally classified into two types, namely type I events with abrupt patterns and type II events with random occurrence of key factors, where social events and traffic events are representative correspondingly.</div><div>Despite many studies have been conducted to detect social events and traffic events using geosocial media data, there still are some un-answered questions requiring further research. Most existing studies did not identify occurring events from a full coverage of spatial, temporal, and semantic perspectives. Studies concerning social event detection lack efficient semantic analysis summarizing event content to infer the reasons driving the abnormal movement. The typical classification-based method regarding traffic event detection lacks investigation on how the spatiotemporal distribution of traffic relevant posts associate with the occurring traffic events, and simply assigns the detected events with predefined categories, missing events that indicate traffic anomalies but go beyond the predetermined categories.<br></div><div>In this thesis, spatial-temporal-semantic approaches are proposed to measure spatiotemporal patterns of posts and users of social media platforms to capture abnormal human movement, and analyze the content of associated posts to mine the reasons driving the movement. A variety of techniques including machine learning, natural language processing, and spatiotemporal analysis are adopted to realize effective detection. Based on one-year Twitter data collected in Toronto, 2014 Toronto International Film Festival and traffic anomaly detection are selected as two case studies to evaluate the performance of proposed approaches. Through comparing with the ground truth data, the result reveals that more than 80% of the detected events do refer to real-world events, which illustrates the feasibility and efficiency of proposed approaches.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Keywords: Small-scale event, Event detection, Geosocial media data, Traffic event, Social event, Twitter, Spatiotemporal clustering<br></div>

Transmediatisation of the Covid-19 crisis in Brazil: The emergence of (bio-/geo-)political repertoires of (re-)interpretation

This paper focuses on the centrality of media practices to discuss in a transdisciplinary way how the Covid-19 crisis has been framed and communicated in Brazil across different media spaces, whereas the country became the second in the world with most deaths due to the spread of the Covid-19 infection. This discussion mobilises Foucauldian genealogical and critical discursive perspectives (Foucault, [1970]1981, p. 73) to create intelligibility about how domains of media power-knowledge, such as professional journalism and social media, generate textual trajectories, discursive-semiotic and epistemic disputes through (re-)framings. Based on oligoptic decisions (Latour, 2005, p. 182; Souza Júnior, 2020, pp. 59–64), the article explores a multimodal corpus of transmedia texts. 11 posts have been selected for discussion, since they pave the way for tracing a set of interconnected and (in-)visible elements about the corona crisis. In turn, this paper seeks to: (i) give visibility and qualitatively discuss some of the perspectives that have circulated across media spaces along with their related repertoires of biopolitical and geopolitical (re-)interpretation and (ii) expose the dynamics of power and resistance that emerge through pandemic frames, and how the latter communicate a social event like the Covid-19 crisis.