Application of Heart Rate Acceleration Motion Wireless Sensor Fusion in Individual Special Competitive Sports

Heart rate monitoring is becoming more and more important in the development of modern health industry. At present, wireless sensor network equipment is mainly used to realize the real-time or periodic monitoring of human heart rate, so as to realize the health management of specific people. At the same time, the monitoring and analysis technology of heart rate is also widely used in special competitive sports. Through the real-time monitoring and analysis of athletes’ heart rate, we can feedback and analyze their corresponding competitive state in real time, so as to monitor the sudden state of athletes, and also provide a basis for the improvement of athletes’ later sports level. Based on this, this paper will use a single-chip microcomputer as the central data processing unit of the monitoring system at the hardware level, and inertial sensor and heart rate sensor at the sensor level. The system will design data acquisition module, motion positioning module, low-power module, athlete heart rate acquisition module, and motion state recognition module. Aiming at the low accuracy of traditional heart rate acceleration motion wireless sensor in competitive sports athletes’ heart rate recognition and motion state recognition, this paper innovatively proposes an athlete heart rate recognition algorithm based on acceleration signal, which extracts the frequency-domain characteristics of motion signal. The time-domain and time-frequency characteristics of athletes’ acceleration signal are used to realize the recognition of athletes’ sports state, and the power spectrum cancellation technology is used to realize the accurate detection of athletes’ heart rate. In order to verify the advantages of the hardware system and algorithm in this paper, three sports with quiet, dynamic, and random dynamic characteristics are selected for experimental verification. The experimental results show that the software algorithm proposed in this paper has obvious accuracy advantages in quiet and dynamic competitive sports compared with the traditional algorithm.

Left Atrial Function in Young Strength Athletes: Four-Dimensional Automatic Quantitation Study

Background Athletes might suffer from potentially fatal heart disease, which has always been a concern in cardiovascular medicine. The changes in left atrial (LA) size and function are related to the occurrence of arrhythmia. In the present study, four-dimensional automatic quantitation (4D LAQ) was used to explore the changes in LA function of young strength athletes. Methods Eighty professional young strength athletes and sixty healthy young adults matched in age were selected for the study. The LA volumes and strains were automatically analyzed by 4D LAQ. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of strain in athletes' LA function. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the potential association between conventional echocardiographic indexes and 4D parameters related to athletes' LA function. Results Compared to the control group, LA longitudinal and circumferential strain in the athlete group decreased, while LA volume increased (P<0.05). However, LA strain was similar among 45 male and 35 female strength athletes (P>0.05), while male athletes presented with a higher LA volume when compared to female controls (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that LA contraction longitudinal strain (LASct) was the best predictor in evaluating athletes' LA function. Athletes' heart rate and left ventricular mass index were significantly correlated with 4D LA function parameters. Conclusions 4D LAQ can be used for early detection of the changes in LA function in young strength athletes. There was no significant difference in LA strain between male and female athletes. The LASct was the most effective index for evaluating athletes' LA function.

Music-Assisted Training for Dart Throwing Novices: Post-Training Effects on Heart Rate and Performance Accuracy

While previous research has suggested that lowering athletes’ heart rates can enhance sports performance, it is unknown whether slow-paced music might induce a lower heart rate and thereby improve some types of motor performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of different types of music during dart-throw training on both heart rate and dart-throwing performance in 45 ( M age = 19.7, SD = 0.31 years) novice dart throwers who were randomly assigned to either a Slow Music Group (SMG), a Fast Music Group (FMG), or a Control Group (CG). All participants completed three dart-throwing blocks - Pre-Test, Practice, and Post-Test. During the Practice block, participants practiced dart-throwing with either slow-paced, fast-paced or no music according to their assigned group. We recorded the participants’ heart rates and total dart-throwing accuracy scores during Pre-Test and Post-Test. Music-assisted dart-throw training with slow-paced music was effective in significantly inhibiting a performance-related increase in heart rate and was associated with the greatest dart throwing improvement after training.

The Value of Biological Image Technology in Improving Athletes’ Motor Skills

Objective. To explore the value of biological image technology in improving athletes’ motor skills. Methods. Golfers were given biofeedback relaxation training, and the variation trend and influence of biofeedback training on athletes’ heart rate variability were explored by monitoring and feedback evaluation of athletes’ heart rate variability. Results. Biofeedback relaxation training can help athletes improve the balance of sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve, effectively inhibit the activity of sympathetic nerve, enhance the tension, effectively increase the heart rate variability of athletes, and strengthen the ability of psychological relaxation. Conclusion. Part of the research results show that biofeedback training can enhance athletes’ athletic performance and improve their athletic performance to a certain extent.

Comparison of heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test among smoker and non-smoker athletes

Background: Exercise performance depend on the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond to a wide range of met- abolic demands and physical exertion. Objectives: To investigate the habitual smoking effects in heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test in ath- letes. Methods: Seventy-eight physically healthy active athletes (45 non-smokers and 33 smokers) aging 27±8years old, participat- ed in this study. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and performed the six-minute step test. Cardiovascular parameters such (resting heart rate, peak heart rate, heart rate at 1 min after testing, heart rate re- covery, recovery time, blood pressure at rest, and post-testing blood pressure) were recorded. Results: Smoker-athletes had higher resting heart rate (76 ± 9bpm vs. 72 ± 10bpm, p<0.05), maximum heart rate (154 ± 18bpm vs. 147 ± 17bpm, p<0.05) and recovery time (7min 25sec ± 6min 31sec vs. 4min 21sec ± 4min 30sec, p<0.05) than non-smoker athletes. Scores from the IPAQ were approximately the same (Μ=7927 ± 10303, Μ= 6380 ± 4539, p<0.05). Conclusion: Smoking was found to affect athletes' cardiovascular fitness. The change of the athletes’ heart rate recovery and recovery time contributes to the adaptation of cardiovascular function in training requirements. Keywords: Smoking; athletes; heart rate recovery; heart rate reserve; six-minute step test.

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN COMBAT SPORTS

Aim. The article aims to assess the psychophysiological characteristics of skilled athletes in combat sports (boxing, freestyle wrestling, judo). Materials and methods. 18–23-year-old skilled combat athletes were examined. All athletes were divided into the following groups: the first group - female athletes (n = 15); the second group - male athletes (n = 17); the third and fourth groups - control groups consisted of males and females of the same age and not involved in sports (15 people each). The following methods were used: a pulse measurement, psychological tests, self-assessment of the psychoemotional status, electroencephalography, cardiointervalography with the calculation of statistical indicators of heart rate. Examinations were performed before and after the relaxation exercise, which was a three-minute concentration of attention at a specific point on the body. Results. The results revealed that female athletes had lower indicators of psychoemotional status than males but higher than untrained females. The indicators of psychoemotional stress were lower in female athletes than in male athletes and untrained women. For example, the indicator of personal anxiety in female athletes was 41.0 ± 1.8 versus 47.2 ± 2.5 in untrained women (P < 0.05). In female athletes, heart rate, the amplitude of the mode and voltage index (77.15 ± 2.05) in the structure of heart rate were slightly higher than in males (73.10 ± ± 1.07), which indicated greater functional stress of the heart. Relaxation led to favorable changes in EEG indicators and decreased functional stress of the heart in all subjects. Conclusion. It is recommended to extend the terms of sports training in female combat athletes to ensure a smooth transition to sports specialization and reduce injuries.

P311Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other forms of left ventricular hypertrophy. The P wave can make the difference

Background Structural disarray of hypertrophied myocytes and interstitial fibrosis characterize hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). These morphological changes also affect atrial myocytes and, together with hemodynamic alterations because of HCM, may lead to atrial cardiomyopathy. Purpose To investigate the incremental value of P-wave parameters to differentiate left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) because of HCM from LVH in hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and athletes heart. Methods In a prospective study, we compared electrocardiographic (including signal-averaged ECG of the P wave) and echocardiographic data of patients with HCM, HHD and athletes heart. We developed a predictive model with a simple scoring system to identify HCM. Results We compared data of 27 patients with HCM (70% males, 49.8 ± 14.5 years), 324 patients with HHD (52% males, 74.8 ± 5.5 years), and 215 subjects with athletes heart (72% males, 42.3 ± 7.5). The table shows the significant differences among the 3 groups. We included the following parameters into a predictive score to differentiate HCM from other forms of LVH: QRS width (&gt;88ms = 1 point), P-wave integral (&gt;688µVs = 1 point) and septum thickness (&gt;12mm = 2 points). A score &gt;2 (Youden index 0.626) correctly classified HCM in 81% of the cases with a sensitivity and specificity of 82% an 81%, respectively. Conclusion Differentiation of HCM from other forms of LVH is improved by including atrial parameters. A simple scoring system including septum thickness, QRS width and P wave integral allowed identification of patients with HCM with a sensitivity and specificity of &gt;80%. This score needs to be validated prospectively. Table 1 HCM HHD Athletes P-value HCM vs HHD* HCM vs Athletes* 95%-CI P-value 95%-CI P-value P-wave duration [ms] 152.7 ± 25.8 143.9 ± 16.5 133.5 ± 14.2 &lt;0.001 -16.9 -24.6 to -9.1 &lt;0.001 -16.3 -22.7 to -9.9 &lt;0.001 P-wave integral [µVs] 850.4 ± 272.4 672.0 ± 235.4 773.1 ± 260.1 &lt;0.001 -198.6 -320.8 to -76.3 0.002 -68.2 -169.7 to 33.2 0.187 QRS [ms] 110.3 ± 27.3 96.9 ± 20.3 95.1 ± 9.8 &lt;0.001 -16.4 -24.7 to -8.1 &lt;0.001 -13.8 -20.8 to -6.9 &lt;0.001 QTc [ms] 447.9 ± 27.2 438.6 ± 24.5 414.0 ± 22.9 &lt;0.001 -21.1 -32.7 to -9.5 &lt;0.001 -30.8 -40.5 to -21.2 &lt;0.001 LVMMI [g/m2] 153.6 ± 55.5 133.5 ± 30.3 98.6 ± 19.7 &lt;0.001 -15.3 -29.7 to -0.9 0.038 -56.1 -67.7 to -44.6 &lt;0.001 IVS [ms] 16.8 ± 4.2 11.8 ± 2.2 10.3 ± 1.5 &lt;0.001 -5.2 -6.3 to -4.1 &lt;0.001 -6.4 -7.3 to -5.6 &lt;0.001 LAVI [ml/m2] 43.2 ± 13.9 30.5 ± 9.7 30.8 ± 9.5 &lt;0.001 -14.6 -20.0 to -9.3 &lt;0.001 -12.2 -16.6 to -7.9 &lt;0.001 The table shows the study result after univariate and multivariate (*; adjusting for age and sex) analysis. Abstract Figure 1

The athlete’s heart in children and adolescents

Athlete’s heart occurs in childhood but is less well understood than in adults. In children, exercise-related cardiac remodelling occurs but with more heterogeneity than in adults. It can be difficult to distinguish age-related cardiac maturation, exercise-related adaptation, and the early manifestation of cardiac disease such as cardiomyopathy. The initial assessment of a child with possible athlete’s heart includes a detailed history (medical, family, and exercise), comprehensive physical examination, ECG, and echocardiography. Congenital and structural heart disease should be excluded and the pubertal stage should be considered when interpreting findings. Investigations should be interpreted according to somatic size (using centiles) and pubertal stage rather than chronological age. Ethnic variations in physiology should be identified. If in doubt, child athletes with possible ethnically related changes should be followed up until maturity. T-wave inversion in anteroseptal leads is usually normal before puberty but abnormal after puberty. Lateral T-wave inversion is usually abnormal at any age. Voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy are common in healthy child athletes. The presence of pathological Q waves, T-wave inversion, and ST-segment depression requires exclusion of cardiomyopathy. Most child athletes’ heart chamber size is within the normal reference ranges for age/gender, but hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should be considered in adolescent athletes with wall thickness >12mm (girls >11mm).