Risk assessment for the industrial facility impact on the atmosphere

Environmental pollution creates problems for health of people living in residential areas near pollution sources. Studies aimed at developing methods for investigating the impact of industrial facilities on the air is of interest. The purpose of this work is to analyze the methodology for assessing the risk of exposure of a technosphere object to the atmosphere. It was assumed that the enterprise in emergency mode emits pollutants through the source of emissions at the maximum single concentration of the substance exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. To calculate the impact on a human, various scenarios of an emergency situation are taken into account. These are constructing failure trees and using well-known health risk assessment techniques. The calculation took into account the wind rose for a specific enterprise location and wind speed projections obeying the normal distribution law. These assumptions allowed us to develop a method for calculating the risk of exceeding the concentration of a pollutant at a given point (x, y) during the year. Isolines of surface concentrations were built. Three toxic substances were taken for analysis. The method for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric airwas used; maps of the dispersion of isolines of pollutants in residential areas were constructed. When solving the inverse problem, emergency emission intensities at which excess of permissible concentrations occurred were determined. In the range of multiplicities exceeding the maximum single maximum permissible concentration from 1 to 5, the dependence was well approximated by a straight line. This technique can be used to determine the risk of diseases caused by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances and minimize the risk of exposure to harmful substances.

Offshore wind resource assessment using reanalysis data

The growth rate of offshore wind is increasing due to technological advancement and reduction in cost. An approach using mast measured data at coastline and reanalysis data is proposed for offshore wind resource assessment, especially for developing countries. The evaluation of fifth generation European Reanalysis (ERA5) data was performed against measured data using statistical analysis. ERA5 data slightly underestimates wind speed and wind direction with percentage bias of less than 1%. Wind resource assessment of region in Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Pakistan was performed in terms of wind speed and Wind Power Density (WPD). The range of monthly mean wind speed and WPD in the region was 4.03–8.67 m/second and 73–515 W/m2 respectively. Most-probable wind speed and dominating wind direction on corners and center of the region were found using probability distributions and wind rose diagrams respectively. Most-probable wind speed ranges 4.41–7.64 m/second and dominating wind direction is southwest.

Quantitative Risk Assessment for Aerospace Facility According to Windrose

Wind direction and speed are the most important factors that determine the degree of damage caused by a jet fire. In this study, the metal hose used to extract/supply fuel was identified as the component with the highest risk for a jet fire occurring at an aerospace facility. A risk assessment was performed to evaluate the individual risk of a jet fire from the metal hose according to the wind direction and speed. HSE failure data was applied for calculating the jet fire probability including metal hose failure, ignition frequency, and jet fire frequency. Which was 3.0 × 10−4. The individual risk of different fatality probabilities was calculated according to the wind rose data for the aerospace facility. The individual risk from jet fire in the aerospace facility was calculated with a maximum risk of 3.35 × 10−5 and a minimum risk of 1.49 × 10−6. The individual risk satisfied HSE ALARP criteria. In addition, firewalls, extinguishing systems, and an emergency shut off system were enhanced, and it was thought that the risk from jet fire could satisfy acceptable criteria.

Wind steadiness up to 35 km and its variability before the southwest monsoon onset and the withdrawal

This paper brings out mainly on the quantitative approach to delineate wind direction variability through Wind Steadiness Factor (WSF) - a single parameter which depends on height, wind speed and wind direction. This can be used as a prognostic parameter for the onset and withdrawal of south west monsoon (SW Monsoon) over Kerala. A brief sketch on wind climatology up to 35 km over TERLS (8° 32' N / 76° 52' E) is also discussed to have a background knowledge. From the derived WSF climatology, it is seen that the region between 12.5 km to 18 km is of highest WSF during the SW Monsoon due to the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ). Vertical variation of annual WSF has shown well demarcated four layered structure and the wind rose constructed for each layer provides the contribution of WSF attributed by the dominant direction for that particular layer. A WSF value was estimated for the region between 12.5 km to 18 km over Thiruvananthapuram for each available rawin profile [0530 and 1730 hrs (IST)] and inferred that an early incidence and maintenance of WSF well above 80% prior the SW Monsoon supports an early SW Monsoon onset and reverse for a late onset. A late/early WSF decrease from a value of 80% followed by systematic further decrease is associated with late/early withdrawal of the SW Monsoon.

Results from a wake-steering experiment at a commercial wind plant: investigating the wind speed dependence of wake-steering performance

Wake steering is a wind farm control strategy in which upstream wind turbines are misaligned with the wind to redirect their wakes away from downstream turbines, thereby increasing the net wind plant power production and reducing fatigue loads generated by wake turbulence. In this paper, we present results from a wake-steering experiment at a commercial wind plant involving two wind turbines spaced 3.7 rotor diameters apart. During the 3-month experiment period, we estimate that wake steering reduced wake losses by 5.6 % for the wind direction sector investigated. After applying a long-term correction based on the site wind rose, the reduction in wake losses increases to 9.3 %. As a function of wind speed, we find large energy improvements near cut-in wind speed, where wake steering can prevent the downstream wind turbine from shutting down. Yet for wind speeds between 6–8 m/s, we observe little change in performance with wake steering. However, wake steering was found to improve energy production significantly for below-rated wind speeds from 8–12 m/s. By measuring the relationship between yaw misalignment and power production using a nacelle lidar, we attribute much of the improvement in wake-steering performance at higher wind speeds to a significant reduction in the power loss of the upstream turbine as wind speed increases. Additionally, we find higher wind direction variability at lower wind speeds, which contributes to poor performance in the 6–8 m/s wind speed bin because of slow yaw controller dynamics. Further, we compare the measured performance of wake steering to predictions using the FLORIS (FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State) wind farm control tool coupled with a wind direction variability model. Although the achieved yaw offsets at the upstream wind turbine fall short of the intended yaw offsets, we find that they are predicted well by the wind direction variability model. When incorporating the expected yaw offsets, estimates of the energy improvement from wake steering using FLORIS closely match the experimental results.

Study of the Behavior of Air Parcels, using PIXE, Hysplit and Wind Rose in the Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley, Mexico

Aim: The objective of this work was to determine the behavior of the trajectories of the air plots in two sites (San Mateo Atenco-(SM) and San Lorenzo Tepaltitlán-(SL)), in the atmosphere of the Metropolitan Zone of the Toluca Valley (MZTV). Methodology: In the atmosphere of the MZTV, using HYSPLIT a Backward trajectory direction analysis was performed from June 29 to July 8, 2021, considering for each day the summertime schedules of the center, indicating its Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). An ANOVA analysis (with a significance level of α=0.05) was performed for the concentrations of SM and SL obtained with PIXE, with the objective of seeing the equality of their behavior. Results: The behavior of the direction of the trajectories of the air plots in both sites is similar and the trajectories for the same day are the same in both sites but different on another day; It was determined that during night-day (19 to 12 h of the following day) the behavior is similar and changes during the remaining time, being variable. In general, the origin of the trajectories of the air plots for both sites of the MZTV is predominantly from the southeast, a situation that was confirmed with Wind Roses. Of the ANOVA analysis, the p-value was in all cases greater than the significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis was accept, and it is possible to conclude that the elemental chemical composition of PM2.5 have equal means in both sites. Conclusion: Among other, it is possible to consider the behavior of meteorological parameters and thus take them into account for sampling studies of criteria pollutants such as PM2.5.

Balikpapan’s wind analysis to determine air quality monitoring point to support smart environment monitoring system

In this industrial era, air pollution become a concerning problem since it can cause some respiratory problems. One of the air pollutions was Sulphur dioxide which dilutes fast in atmospheric water vapor resulting in acid rain which can affect the organism. Thus, in this research, we study the probability of the receptor’s location according to wind direction, as the preliminary information on deciding monitoring point. The meteorological data were obtained from Balikpapan’s Agency for Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysics. The wind data was then plotted using a wind rose plot program called WRPLOT. Afterward, the dominant wind speed and direction will then be analyzed using google earth to know which point will be affected by the pollution dispersion from the chimney in Balikpapan. The results show that wind in Balikpapan throughout 2020 mostly blew from Southwest to Northeast Direction. Thus, the most probable receptor locations were open green spaces with no settlement around. This will have less impact on human health. Nevertheless, further research can be conducted to know better the on-air dispersion model around the power plant, how the green plant will be suffered from this air pollution, and how this pollution will affect the workers around it.

A Method to Characterize Climate, Earth or Environmental Vector Random Processes

We propose a methodology to characterize a multivariate non-stationary vector random process that can be used for simulating random realizations that keep the probabilistic behavior of the original time series. The marginal probability distribution of each component process is assumed to be a piecewise function defined by several weighted parametric probability models. The weights are obtained analytically by ensuring that the probability density function is well defined and that it is continuous at the common endpoints. The probability model is assumed to vary periodically in time over a predefined time period by defining the model parameters and the common endpoints as truncated generalized Fourier series. The coefficients of the expansions are obtained with the maximum likelihood method. Three different types of sets of orthogonal functions are tested. The method is applied to three time series with different particularities. Firstly, it is shown its good behavior to capture the highly variable freshwater discharges at a dam located in a semiarid zone in Andalucía (Spain) which is influenced not only by the climate variability but also by management decisions. Secondly, for the Wolf sunspot number time series, the Schwabe cycle and time variations close to the 7.5 and 17 years are analyzed along a 22-year cycle. Finally, the method is applied to a bivariate (velocity and direction) wind time series observed at a location of the Atlantic Ocean. For this case, the analysis, that was combined with a vectorial autoregresive model, focus on the assessment of the goodness of the methodology to replicate the statistical features of the original series. In particular, it is found that it reproduces the marginal and joint distributions, the wind rose, and the duration of sojourns above given thresholds.

FLOWERS: An integral approach to engineering wake models

Annual energy production (AEP) is often the objective function in wind plant layout optimization studies. The conventional method to compute AEP for a wind farm is to first evaluate power production for each wind direction and speed using either computational fluid dynamics simulations or engineering wake models. The AEP is then calculated by weighted-averaging (based on the wind rose at the wind farm site) the power produced across all wind directions. We propose a novel formulation for time-averaged wake velocity that incorporates an analytical integral of a wake deficit model across every wind direction. This approach computes the average flow field more efficiently, and layout optimization is an obvious application to exploit this benefit. The clear advantage of this new approach is that the layout optimization produces solutions with comparable AEP performance yet is completed about 700 times faster. The analytical integral and the use of a Fourier expansion to express the wind speed and wind direction frequency create a more smooth solution space for the gradient-based optimizer to excel compared with the discrete nature of the existing weighted-averaging power calculation.

THE STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE KRASNOYARSK'S INDUSTRIAL ZONE BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY AND CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

The choice of the method is an urgent problem for the rapid and selective determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of precipitation and surface water. Methods of capillary electrophoresis and ion chromatography have been adapted to determine the anionic composition of environmental objects in the industrial zone of Krasnoyarsk. the intensity of precipitation depends on the «wind rose». The level of pollution of atmospheric precipitation affects the level of water pollution in the Yenisei River.