Anticandidosic Activity and Acute Toxicity of Quercus suber L. Bark Extracts

The cork oak (Quercus suber L.), endemic essence of the Mediterranean Basin, is commonly used in traditional pharmacopoeia. The main objective of this work is to enhance the valorization of this plant species through the study of the anticandidosic activity of cork oak bark methalonic extracts in order to develop an efficient natural formulation for Candidiasis treatment.The anticandidosic activity of methanolic extracts of Q. suber bark stemming from decoction, maceration and Soxhlet methods of extraction in was tested on five different Candida albicans strains. Our results showed that all the tested extracts displayed an inhibitive activity, which varies according to the obtained extract and the tested strain. The best anticandidosic potential was observed with extracts obtained with Soxhlet method. The study of the acute toxicity showed that the lethal dose is 1150 mg/kg in mice, which remained moderately toxic according to Hodge and Sterner classification scale. Thus, this extract can be used in phytotherapy without danger in doses that are below 300 mg/kg of corporal weight. Based on these results, we can conclude that Cork oak bark extracts can be used to treat Candida albicans infections.

An overview on Ethnopharmacologicals studies carried out on Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae): a medicinal plant used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of hypertension

Lannea microcarpa, is one of the species of medicinal plants used in medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia for the treatment of human pathologies in Africa. This review focuses on the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological previous studies of Lannea microcarpa. Some information on phytochemical makeup and its effects on human health are already documented. However, information concerning its ethnopharmaceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential is scarce and poorly documented. These data were obtained by documentary researches using different scientific sites such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, PubMed, and SCIENCEDOMAIN, from theses, dissertations and scientific articles. Additional information was obtained from classic books about herbal medicine and others scientific databases. Ethnobotanical surveys carried out have indicated their uses in the management of arterial hypertension. It appears from bibliographic research that Lannea microcarpa has vasorelaxant, hypotensive and antihypertensive effects, etc. Other studies have shown the presence of phytochemicals of interest for the management of high blood pressure. However, their use in traditional forms does not make it possible to guarantee the stability of medicinal preparations. Quality control and standardization studies were carried out in order to define the optimal conditions for guaranteeing effectiveness. This article gives an overview of previous studies carried out on the plant in order to have data for the improvement of its use.

Study of Manufacturing Conditions of Medicines Derived from Traditional Pharmacopoeia in Benin and Burkina Faso

Introduction: Traditional medicine has become an important component in the care system of African populations. Many products derived from it are increasingly used in the therapeutic arsenal. This work is an inventory of the production of these drugs in two countries of West Africa, Burkina Faso and Benin. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study that listed the drug manufacturing units producing medicines derived from the traditional pharmacopoeia (MDTP) identified by the health ministries in the two countries was carried out. Results: Thirty-three production facilities, including 10 in Burkina Faso and 23 in Benin, were surveyed. Seven units surveyed in Burkina Faso and 16 in Benin were illegally installed. Only 16 of the 33 units obtain their raw materials from botanical gardens. The rest obtain theirs through picking which is not favorable to the perpetuation of the plant resource. In addition, among the 1041 MDTPs manufactured by the units surveyed, only 1.44% are registered. Finally, shortcomings in applying good practices for harvesting raw materials and manufacturing finished products were noticed. Conclusion: Management and capacity building efforts of MDTPs production facilities by political authorities are still needed to optimize the contribution of traditional medicine to the health care of African populations.

Preclinical research and development of a herbal antipyretic drug based on leaves of Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae)

Background: Faced with the limits of synthetic antipyretic substances, in particular their involvement in the occurrence of numerous and often serious adverse effects; the challenge is in search of new antipyretics especially from the African traditional pharmacopoeia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antipyretic activity of an aqueous extract and a formulation of Ceiba pentandra, with a view to designing an herbal antipyretic drug.Methods: Trials of formulation of an antipyretic syrup with leaves extract of Ceiba pentandra were carried out. The antipyretic activity was investigated by the bewer's yeast induced pyrexia. Physicochemical and microbiological stability tests were carried out on the syrup.Results: It was found with the extract an antipyretic activity at doses of 125 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg. The effect was greater for the 125 mg/kg dose with inhibition percentages ranging from 27.58% to 71.25%. This antipyretic activity was early (from 30 minutes) and was preserved during the four hours of the experiment. The syrup dosed at 125 mg/kg gave an activity similar to that of the extract by significantly reducing the hyperthermia in the rats. Regarding the stability tests, the syrup remained stable both physico-chemically and microbiologically throughout the study period (28 days) both when exposed to low temperature (5 °±3 ° C) and at high temperature (40°±2° C).Conclusions: Ceiba pentandra leaves have antipyretic activity and could be used for the development of an herbal antipyretic drug.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens

Introduction: Bubonium graveolens is used in traditional pharmacopoeia against imbalances of the gastrointestinal tract, cephalic pains, and bronchitis, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Methods: We have investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens in male mice of strain NMRI Albinos, weighing between 22 g and 38 g. Acetic acid was used to induce writhes in the mice and inflammation of paw edema. Results: Evaluation of the analgesic activity showed that the aqueous extract at 150 mg/kg of the plant induced a decrease in the number of abdominal cramps caused by 1% acetic acid. The aqueous extract of the plant had an analgesic effect almost equal to that of Diclofenac; in fact, the latter caused a pain inhibition of 49 ± 1.1% while Bubonium graveolens caused a pain inhibition of 49.6 ± 2.1%, at the concentration of 150 mg/kg. Evaluation of the percentage of inhibition showed that the aqueous extract of Bubonium graveolens had a better anti-inflammatory activity compared to Diclofenac sodium during the treatment duration (69.57% — 56.52% at 60 min; 71.43% — 50.00% at 120 min, and 75.00% — 66.67% at 180 min). Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that Bubonium graveolens inhibits inflammation and could explain its effective use in traditional medicine.

Phytochemical Screening, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Root Barks from Acacia macrostachya Reichenb. Ex DC. (Fabaceae)

Aims: Acacia macrostachya Reichenb. ex DC. (Fabaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many pathologies including diarrhea, malaria with convulsion and fevers, snake bites, vomiting, nausea, dysenteric syndrome and choleriformis, inflammatory diseases and old wounds. The purpose of this study was to carry out the phytochemical screening, to assess the general acute toxicity, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the dichloromethane extract of A. macrostachya root barks in order to develop new lower-toxic anti-inflammatory drugs. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out in the Department of Traditional Pharmacopoeia and Pharmacy (MEPHATRA / PH) of the Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) and LABIOCA from Université Joseph KI-ZERBO in Ouagadougou between March and June 2020. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was carried out through thin layer chromatography with specific reagents. Acute toxicity assay was carried out according to the "dose adjustment" method from the OECD guideline 423 2001. Analgesic effect was evaluated on the number of abdominal contortions induced by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid while the anti-inflammatory activity using the Carrageenan anti-edematous test was determined according to Winter. Results: Phytochemical profile demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, triterpenes and sterols. At the dose of 200 mg/kg (bw), the extract inhibited acetic acid-induced pain by 67.08% and carragenaan-induced edema by 74.03%. A. macrostachya dichloromethane extract is slightly toxic with LD50 higher than 5000 mg/kg (bw). Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrated the interest of A. macrostachya in the treatment of inflammatory pathologies and constitute a scientific basis of its traditional uses.

Importance ethnobotanique de Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. dans le département de Diffa au Niger

En zone sahélienne où les ressources ligneuses sont relativement rares, l’espèce Leptadenia pyrotechnica joue un rôle très important dans la vie des populations locales. La présente étude dont l’objectif est de répertorier les connaissances locales sur les modes d’utilisation et de gestion des peuplements naturels par les populations locale de Leptadenia pyrotechnica a été conduite dans la région de Diffa. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été conduites au niveau de cinq villages. Il s’agit de: Issari; Guelborno Mounimari, Jalori, Joulou Kriyé et le marché de Digurdi. Dans l’ensemble des villages, un total de 150 personnes a été interviewé à travers des entretiens individuels. Les principales rubriques du questionnaire administré sont relatives aux principales utilisations et leur impact sur la ressource. Il ressort de l’étude que toutes les parties de Leptadenia pyrotechnica (feuilles; rameaux, tiges, racines, écorce et la sève) sont utilisées par les différents groupes ethniques et socioprofessionnels de la zone d’étude (Haoussa, Peulh et Kanouri). Cependant, la connaissance de l’importance et les différentes catégories d’utilisation dépendent d’un groupe à un autre. Les principales catégories d’utilisations dénombrées dans le cadre de la présente étude sont: l’utilisation comme bois énergie, fixation des dunes, fourrage et pharmacopée traditionnelle. La fixation des dunes et la transhumance s’avèrent être les principaux facteurs limitant la disponibilité de cette espèce. Pour une conservation durable de l’espèce, une norme de prélèvement de Leptadenia pyrotechnica doit être définie pour la fixation des dunes et la capacité de charge des formations à Leptadenia pyrotechnica doit être contrôlée vis-à-vis des transhumances. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots clés: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, utilisation, bois, sève, rameaux, racine English Title: Ethnobotanical importance of Leptadenia pyrotechnica Forsk. in the department of Diffa in Niger English Abstract In the Sahelian zone where wood resources are relatively rare, the species Leptadenia pyrotechnica plays a very important role in the lives of local populations. The purpose of this study, which is to identify local knowledge on the use and management of natural stands by local populations of Leptadenia pyrotechnica, was conducted in Diffa region. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted at five villages. These are: Issari; Guelborno Mounimari, Jalori, Joulou Kriyé and Digurdi market. In all the villages, a total of 150 people were interviewed through individual interviews. The main sections of the questionnaire administered relate to the main uses and their impact on the resource. The study shows that all parts of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (leaves, twigs, stems, roots, bark and sap) are used by the different ethnic and socio-occupational groups in the study area (Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri). However, knowledge of importance and the different categories of use depend on one group to another. The main categories of uses enumerated in this study are: wood energy use, dune fixation, fodder and traditional pharmacopoeia. The fixation of the dunes and the transhumance appear to be the main factors limiting the availability of this species. For a sustainable conservation of the species, a Leptadenia pyrotechnica sampling standard must be defined for the fixation of the dunes and the carrying capacity of Leptadenia pyrotechnica formations must be checked against transhumance. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, use, wood, sap, twigs, root