Normativity in reasoning

Reasoning is a process through which premise-attitudes give rise to a conclusion-attitude. When you reason actively you operate on the propositions that are the contents of your premise-attitudes, following a rule, to derive a new proposition that is the content of your conclusion-attitude. It may seem that, when you follow a rule, you must, at least implicitly, have the normative belief that you ought to comply with the rule, which guides you to comply. But I argue that to follow a rule is to manifest a particular sort of disposition, which can be interpreted as an intention. An intention is itself a guiding disposition. It can guide you to comply with a rule, and no normative belief is required.

Normative Belief and Motivation

This chapter begins by explaining and endorsing the view that normative beliefs can motivate us to act. Views in this vicinity are normally labelled as versions of ‘judgement internalism’, but I argue that that view has often been understood in ways that render it less plausible. The chapter then combines this claim about the motivational power of normative belief with ODM (Only Desires Motivate) in order to show that desires and reasons beliefs are the same state of mind. This argument is often thought to be an argument for non-cognitivism, which reduces normative beliefs to desires, but the chapter shows that non-cognitivism makes poor sense of normative beliefs about other people, and so the argument instead strongly favours desire-as-belief. The chapter ends by briefly showing how this argument against non-cognitivism and in favour of desire-as-belief connects in a natural way to the Frege-Geach problem for non-cognitivism.

Representing Reasons

This chapter assesses the worry that desire-as-belief raises the bar too high for desiring since it excludes many animals from having desires. In response, the chapter first sketches a general theory of how normative beliefs get their contents: a version of conceptual role semantics according to which the content of a given normative belief is determined by the inputs and outputs to that state. Then, with this theory in hand, the chapter argues that animals count as borderline cases of creatures with desires, since they are borderline cases of creatures with reasons beliefs. This conclusion has some intuitive appeal, and remaining resistance may be undercut by appeal to the distinction between desires and likings, and by appeal to the fact that “wants” is sometimes used merely to mean “needs”.

Farmers' willingness to participate in Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration on the Sloping Land Conservation Program in China

Forest Management for Carbon Sequestration (FMCS) on the Sloping Land Conservation Program (SLCP) helps to promote afforestation, improve the economic wellbeing of small farmers, and helps them to cope with climate change. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper examines farmers' willingness to participate from five dimensions: evaluation of result, result belief, normative belief, motivation to comply, and control belief. Results show that 1) farmers' willingness to participate in FMCS on the SLCP land is not high; 2) evaluation of result, result belief, normative belief, and motivation to comply all significantly affect farmers' participation willingness; and 3) the participation willingness of farmers varies between different genders and ages. This study provides a decision-making basis for the implementation of FMCS in China. Results also have implications for the adoption of FMCS programs in other developing countries.

The Queerness of the Man-Child

The literary man-child character can function as a subversive agent within the text to expose traditional ideologies and suggest alternate possibilities. Much beloved in Sweden, Karlson from Astrid Lindgren’s Karlson on the Roof trilogy (1955–1968) represents this kind of man-child character in texts for children, particularly through his queerness. The trilogy illuminates Karlson’s queerness by contrasting him with the normative reality of 20th-century Stockholm through his trademark narcissism, primal desires, and illogical or fallacious rhetoric that often invokes silence from children and adults within the story. Through the lens of Jack Halberstam’s queer subcultures, Karlson can be appreciated as a specific kind of literary man-child character that necessitates a legitimated queer visibility. This visibility is cultivated by his non-normative belief system and buttressed by his resistance to being silenced or kept secret from this normative world. Furthermore, Karlson’s queerness fuels his charisma, making him popular because of his behaviour, not despite it. Ultimately, his queerness as a man-child character disrupts traditional boundaries and delineations of the child/adult binary and allows the child reader to witness the vulnerabilities of normative institutions while also appreciating diversity in non-normative family structures.

Interpretative expressivism: A theory of normative belief

Metaethical expressivism is typically characterised as the view that normative statements express desire-like attitudes instead of beliefs. However, in this paper I argue that expressivists should claim that normative statements express beliefs in normative propositions, and not merely in some deflationary sense but in a theoretically robust sense explicated by a theory of propositional attitudes. I first argue that this can be achieved by combining an interpretationist understanding of belief with a nonfactualist view of normative belief content. This results in a view I call ‘interpretative expressivism’. I then argue that traditional arguments employed by expressivists that normative statements express noncognitive attitudes can just as well support the claim that normative statements express nonfactual or nonrepresentational beliefs. Finally, I argue that this view has a number of advantages to versions of expressivism that deny that normative statements express non-deflationary normative beliefs.

The Influence of Normative Beliefs on Tax-Payers Attitude and Voluntary Tax Compliance Intention

As technology advances, individuals will utilise the gadgets in their daily processes. However, individuals may still require views from their peers and other people surrounding in making decisions. The views formed would affect the individual’s attitude towards their actions. This study was administered to understand the influence of normative belief on taxpayers’ attitude towards voluntary tax compliance intention using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). A total of 311 responses were obtained from the survey conducted remotely online, which was analysed using Smart PLS 3.0 software. The attitude (ATT) construct was decomposed into several dimensions of general tax filing knowledge, compatibility, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and subjective norm. Interestingly, the study found that normative belief, which was measured using the dimension of the subjective norm, has a significant influence on attitude. Similarly, it was found that general tax filing knowledge does significantly influence attitude. However, the dimensions of compatibility, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness were found to be insignificant. In conclusion, the study recognises that technologies play an essential role in individuals’ attitude on tax compliance. Nevertheless, the views of peers and tax knowledge do have an impact on taxpayers regardless of the compatibility and usefulness of the systems when it comes to the voluntary tax compliance intention.

KRISIS DISIPLIN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM: ANTI PLURALISME

This article discusses the problem of Islamic education from a theological and sociological point of view. The emergence of normative and verbalist Islamic education curriculum distorts the universality of Islam. Islam that is contextual in space and time, always in contact with sociological aspects, should be understood as something that can change its partiality dynamics continuously, even though there is a universal thing that is maintained as a normative belief. On the other hand, the failure of education to produce educational output that is dignified and virtuous has caused some people to distrust the world of education in developing the character and ethics of children. The vote of disbelief is getting stronger with the emergence of the National curriculum model which gives a greater portion of general subjects than religious subjects. This paper is a criticism of the development of the world of education in Indonesia, with the hope that education stakeholders make changes to the education system and the applicable curriculum.

PENDEKATAN THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR DALAM MENGKAJI PERILAKU KONSUMEN ROKOK DI SIMPANG EMPAT PASCA KELUARNYA FATWA MAJLIS ULAMA INDONESIA TENTANG HARAM MEROKOK

Meski merokok dianggap lebih besar keburukannya dibanding manfaatnya namun kegiatan merokok sudah mengurat mengakar pada sebagian masyarakat dunia. Majlis Ulama Indonesia telah mengeluarkan fatwa haram merokok bagi ummat islam. Bagaimana perilaku konsumen rokok setelah keluarnya fatwa ini dianalisis dengan mengambil objek penelitian pada konsumen rokok di Simpang Empat, Pasaman Barat dengan mengaplikasikan theory of planned behavior dengan sedikit modifikasi.Dari pengamatan dan data primer yang diperoleh menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan yang jauh antara normative belief dengan motivation to comply.Inilah dasar bagi peneliti untuk menempatkan kedua faktor ini sebagai variabel yang terpisah dan masing-masing diuji pengaruhnya terhadap niat dan perilaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya hanya motivation to comply dan perceived behavior control yang berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap niat maupun perilaku. Variabel sikap dan normative belieftidak signifikan pengaruhnya terhadap niat dan perilaku. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa meski sikap produsen rokok dan referents atau orang-orang terdekat mereka berpendapat merokok adalah tidak baik, tapi mereka tetap saja merokok.Niat dan perilaku merokok atau tidak merokok hanya dapat dipengaruhi oleh perubahan pada motivasi mengikuti referents dan perceived behavior control. Kata kunci : Perilaku, niat, sikap, normative belief, motivation to comply, perceived behavior control.