A Study on Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Organic and Inorganic Cauliflower Greens Powder (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L)

Cauliflower greens is one such popularly consumed vegetable, possessing potent bioactive components where the leaves of the vegetables are often neglected or discarded and used as fodder. Hence an attempt was made to analyze the presence of different antioxidants such as DPPH, FRAP, SOD and Total antioxidant contents there by exploring the potential benefits of these leaves which is solely ignored by majority of population. The present study reveals that the presence of promising compounds can be consumed in regular diet in maintaining good health and can be technically applied in preparing natural therapeutic medicines to combat various degenerative diseases and can also be used in food processing industries due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties Cauliflower has a very high waste index, and this result throws light on the importance and the properties of cauliflower leafs, thereby reducing food wastage.

Waste management planning toward zero waste in Hotel XYZ Bandung with circular economy principles (case study: room service facility’s solid waste)

Hotel XYZ is a commercial area in the city of Bandung which still applies the traditional linear economic cycle. The 61.61% of ±9000 m2 building area is used for room service facilities. The hotel has not paid attention to its waste management so all the waste generated from this hotel end up at the landfill area. This study aims at improving the waste management in Hotel XYZ to meet the principle of circular economy. Using SNI 19-3964-1994 approach to measure the generation of waste composition, the amount of waste generated from room service facilities is 0.03 kg/m2/day or 0.41 liter/m2/day. The zero waste index (ZWI) calculation was used for the evaluation of waste management in the hotel. The waste generated at Hotel XYZ has the potential to achieve substitute material savings by 63.16 kg, substitution of energy by 775.79 MegaJoule (MJ), greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction by 49.36 kg/CO2e, -164.06 L/kg of water saving. The most waste generated by hotel room service facilities is recyclable waste consisting of single-use packaging from hotel equipments. Waste reduction plan for the room service facilities is carried out by replacing single-use packaging with refillable packaging so the hotel is able to save their shopping expenditure costs up to Rp. 844,691.00 per day.

Planning of Waste Management using Zero Waste Approach at SMAN 14 Bandung, Indonesia

SMAN 14 is one of the educational institutions that still adhere to waste management with a liner system, namely waste generated and disposed of in the final disposal site. In addition, SMAN 14 Bandung is a school with the title of an independent Adiwiyata School with environmental insight, but this school has not paid attention to managing its waste. This study aims to plan waste management with zero-waste approach so that the amount of waste sent to landfills is zero. Calculation of zero waste index (ZWI) was performed for a school scale wherein the results of ZWI were used for evaluation and as a basis for the future planning of solid waste management. Sampling measurements were carried out using the load count analysis method. The waste generated is 37,544 kg/day. With a composition of 13.12% organic, 60.42% plastic, 20.957% paper, 0.36 % metal, and a mixture of 5.14% with a zero-waste index of 0.80, the substitution of material savings of 30.09 kg, the substitution of energy 953.94 MJ, greenhouse effect reduction 26.89 Kg/CO2e, and water-saving -232.02 L. Furthermore, through this planning, the estimation of cost reduction was as much as Rp. 23,315 a day.

Evaluation of Existing And Future Zero Waste Approach in Municipal Solid Waste Management Utilizing the Zero Waste Index: Bali Province, Indonesia

The World Bank reported that around 1.3 billion tonnes of municipal waste were generated in 2011, and this amount is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025. Zero Waste Index (ZWI) is a breakthrough for measuring and evaluating waste management's performance based on the concept of zero waste, where recycling is the key to determining this value. This study was conducted in a province in a developing country, namely Bali Province, Indonesia. The calculation of ZWI and energy substitution from waste management is carried out on two schemes, an optimistic scheme (basic data and percentage of waste management targets referring to the regional policy and strategy documents) and a pessimistic scheme (basic data refers to material flow analysis of waste with no increase in the percentage of waste management) from 2020 to 2025. Energy substitution is calculated on two conditions of use, namely through incinerator technology (listed in Indonesia Presidential Regulation No. 35 of 2018) and without incinerators at the Sarbagita Regional Landfill. Analysis indicated that the pessimistic scheme provides a higher ZWI value of Bali Province in 2020 than the optimistic scheme, but there is no increase in the ZWI value until 2025 (the ZWI value ranges from 0.02 to 0.2) due to no increase in the percentage of solid waste management. Meanwhile, the optimistic scheme provides a lower ZWI value for Bali's Province in 2020 than the pessimistic scheme, but there is an increase in the ZWI value every year until 2025 (the ZWI value ranges from 0.004 to 0.22). In terms of energy substitution, an optimistic scheme provides energy substitution values ​​2-5 times greater than pessimistic schemes, with and without incinerators. However, in terms of the incinerator efficiency, the pessimistic scheme provides greater efficiency (2-6% efficiency when using an incinerator) than the optimistic scheme (1-2% efficiency when using an incinerator). The 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle)-based waste management and high energy substitution potential in Bali Province can be an effective waste management solution if the stakeholders are committed to achieve the Jakstrada targets by 2025.

Machine Learning and IoT-Based Waste Management Model

A rapid rise in inhabitants across the globe has led to the inadmissible management of waste in various countries, giving rise to various health issues and environmental pollution. The waste-collecting trucks collect waste just once or twice in seven days. Due to improper waste collection practices, the waste in the dustbin is spread on the streets. Thus, to defeat this situation, an efficient solution for smart and effective waste management using machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed in this paper. In the proposed solution, the authors have used an Arduino UNO microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, and moisture sensor. Using image processing, one can measure the waste index of a particular dumping ground. A hardware prototype is also developed for the proposed framework. Thus, the presented solution for the efficient management of waste accomplishes the aim of establishing clean and pollution-free cities.

Sorting Analysis of Household Food Waste—Development of a Methodology Compatible with the Aims of SDG12.3

Target 12.3 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for halving per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels, by 2030. The Food Waste Index is suggested as a methodology for grasping the situation. This paper focuses on the consumer level (household food waste). We argue that in order for generating useful information for devising and implementing effective measures for reducing food waste, it should be measured at Level 3 of the Food Waste Index, based on sorting analysis of generated waste, and making a distinction between avoidable and non-avoidable food waste. Furthermore, a breakdown by subcategories that reflect the flow of food in the household could help identify target behaviours. We have developed a categorisation scheme that is internationally agreeable and adoptable, and (1) generates useful information for policy-making and for tackling with reduction of food waste, (2) makes clear the concept of avoidable food waste, and (3) is practical and does not overcomplicate the work of grasping the situation of food wastage. Results of workshops regarding this scheme suggest that the scheme satisfies the criteria. This scheme has been applied to a few sorting analyses of household food waste in Japan, and their results are compared.

Measurement of The Green Waste Index Study in Bandung City

The rise of population is one of the factors on the increasing amount of waste in urban area. Aside from the mentioned factor, the increase of waste also caused by changes in society consumption pattern which significantly affect the waste amount, especially in urban areas. The changes in consumption pattern shown from daily lives of urban residents, for example the habit in fast food consumption which generates garbage in the form of food container, disposable spoon and forks, and wrappers. In the City of Bandung area, to increase the effectivity in waste management, the government strengthen the waste management regulation, from home to industrial scale. Managing waste from its source is a strategic point in supporting the success of waste management. This research aims to determine Bandung green waste index, in which green waste index in a waste management concept using 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), which also an attribute of green city. This research was performed by conducting interviews to 30 respondents, screened using the quadruple helix concept: government, expert/researcher, business actors, and general society. Based on the method, this research is categorized as a mixed-method study whereupon the researcher employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. Triangulation, peer debriefing, and word association were the qualitative methods employed while validity and reliability, spearman rank, and index tabulation were the quantitative methods used. The results of the research indicate that the green waste index of city of Bandung was 72.44, which falls in the category “adequate.” The results illustrate that although the green waste management is acceptable, several aspects were still lacking. This refers to the grading scale utilized by assessors of the Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation (RISTEKDIKTI)

Analisis Limbah Konstruksi pada Real Estate

Usaha minimalisasi sisa material konstruksi penting dilihat dari 2 (dua) sudut pandang. Pertama: untuk efisiensi dan penghematan biaya konstruksi, makin sedikit sisa material konstruksi terjadi maka makin sedikit terjadi ekonomi biaya tinggi (over cost) dan keuntungan proyek dapat lebih terjaga berkelanjutan (sustainable). Kedua, untuk konservasi atau penghematan dari sisi sumber daya alam dan mengurangi dampak lingkungan. Sumber daya alam yang diolah dan digunakan sebagai material bangunan adalah terbatas jumlahnya. Sisa material konstruksi tidak boleh dibiarkan menjadi sampah kota yang dapat merusak kesehatan. Penelitian ini dikhususkan 6 (enam) jenis material yang sebelumnya sudah diindikasikan terjadi pemborosan. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan pada proyek perumahan pengembang X di kawasan Serpong dan Bandung. Adapun tujan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui jenis material yang paling berpotensi menjadi waste dengan mengukur waste level dan menghitung waste cost 6 (enam) jenis material studi, dan menentukan standar waste level (minimum waste index) proyek untuk enam (6) jenis material studi pada proyek pengembang X tersebut. Berdasarkan pengalaman pihak pengembang X selama ini bahwa indikasi 6 (enam) jenis material tersebut adalah kategori material dengan waste cukup besar, sudah dirasakan pada beberapa proyek, namun belum diketahui angka pastinya. Jenis material tersebut adalah: Besi Beton, Bata Merah, Bata Ringan, Spasi Mortar Instan, Keramik dan Genteng. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa 6 (enam) jenis material memiliki waste cost cukup signifikan. Sementara untuk 3 (tiga) jenis dengan ranking tertinggi (top three) untuk kawasan Serpong yaitu: material Besi Beton, Mortar Instan dan Keramik, dengan angka rupiah masing-masing sesuai urutan adalah Rp. 4,711,15,-/unit terbangun (besi beton), Rp. 4,339,889,-/unit terbangun (mortar instan) dan Rp. 3,330,669,- /unit terbangun (keramik). Dan untuk kawasan Bandung urutan material sebagai berikut: Besi Beton, Bata Merah dan Keramik, dengan angka rupiah masing-masing sesuai urutan adalah: Rp. 6,007,133,-/unit terbangun, Rp. 2,835,778,-/unit terbangun dan Rp. 2,525,802,-/unit terbangun. Dari hasil dan angka penelitian yang didapat nanti akan menentukan waste level yang akan diusulkan menjadi standar di pengembang X.