Tobacco Waste Biomass for Electrochemical Energy Storage Application

A large amount of industrial and agricultural wastes are generated in the tobacco industry, such as tobacco steams, tobacco stalks, and tobacco leaves. How to increase the economic added value of industrial and agricultural wastes is an important issue. It is a promising value-added way that these biological wastes are recycled into carbon materials with excellent electrochemical properties. Herein, biochar were prepared from tobacco waste biomass (mainly tobacco stems, tobacco stalks and tobacco leaves) through one-step carbonization. The as-obtained biochar exhibited high specific capacitance of 305.92 F·g−1 (tobacco stems), 328.07 F·g−1 (tobacco stalks), and 272.48 F·g−1 (tobacco leaves) at 1 A·g−1, when tested in a three-electrode system with 6 M KOH electrolyte. This study highlights the possibility of reusing tobacco waste to produce low-cost, green and high-performance carbon-based electrode materials for sustainable electrochemical energy storage systems.

IDENTIFIKASI MANFAAT LIMBAH BATANG TEMBAKAU DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

Post-harvest management of tobacco commodities in East Lombok Regency is very important considering that the waste of tobacco stems, leaf stalks, seeds, and residues from the oven process still contains nicotine. Efforts need to be made to treat tobacco waste so that harmful risks can be reduced by applying the concept of environmentally friendly agriculture or an eco-farming system. Environmentally friendly agriculture is part of the implementation of sustainable agriculture, which is an agricultural movement that uses ecological principles, the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. East Lombok's local resources in the form of the availability of tobacco stem waste which is abundant, neglected, and damaging to the aesthetics of the environment requires more in-depth attention to study its benefits into various environmentally friendly products. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method with a library research approach. The benefits of tobacco stem waste are as follows: Tobacco stem and stem waste as bio-biket material; Tobacco stems and seeds as biodiesel; Tobacco waste extract granules against aedes aegypti larvae; Tobacco stem waste as biopesticide material; Tobacco stem waste as organic fertilizer; Tobacco stem waste as natural dye for batik and bioinsecticide tobacco stem soaking water. Keywords: Waste, Tobacco Stems, Eco-Farming and East Lombok ABSTRAK Pengelolaan pasca panen komoditas tembakau di Kabupaten Lombok Timur sangat penting dilakukan mengingat limbah batang tembakau, tangkai daun, biji, dan residu dari proses pengovenan masih mengandung nikotin. Perlu dilakukan upaya pengolahan limbah tembakau tersebut agar resiko berbahaya dapat dikurangi dengan menerapkan konsep pertanian yang ramah lingkungan atau eco-farming system. Pertanian ramah lingkungan adalah bagian dari impelementasi pertanian berkelanjutan (sustainable agriculture) yaitu gerakan pertanian yang menggunakan prinsip ekologi, studi hubungan antara organisme dan lingkungannya. Sumberdaya lokal Lombok Timur berupa tersedianya limbah batang tembakau yang melimpah, tidak terurus, dan merusak estetika lingkungan membutuhkan perhatian yang lebih mendalam untuk dikaji manfaatnya menjadi berbagai produk yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka (library research). Manfaat limbah batang tembakau sebagai berikut: Limbah batang dan gagang (stem) tembakau sebagai bahan bio-biket; Batang dan biji tembakau sebagai biodesel; Granul ekstrak limbah tembakau terhadap larva aedes aegypti; Limbah batang tembakau sebagai bahan biopestisida; Limbah batang tembakau sebagai pupuk organik; Limbah batang tembakau sebagai pewarna alami batik dan Air rendaman batang tembakau bioinsektisida. Kata kunci: Limbah, Batang Tembakau, Eco-Farming dan Lombok Timur

Optimization of MAE for the Separation of Nicotine and Phenolics from Tobacco Waste by Using the Response Surface Methodology Approach

This study intends to valorize by-products of the industrial processing of tobacco to obtain nicotine and phenolics as value-added compounds. Three influential parameters of the microwave-assisted extraction-MAE (temperature, treatment time, and solvent/solid ratio) were studied for the optimization of the extraction protocol for tobacco leaves and three types of waste—scrap, dust, and midrib, respectively. Nicotine was the dominant bioactive compound in all extracts, ranging from 1.512 to 5.480% in leaves, 1.886 to 3.709% in scrap, 2.628 to 4.840% dust, and 0.867 to 1.783% in midrib extracts. Five phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, predominated by chlorogenic acid and rutin. Additionally, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined using spectrophotometric assays. Optimization was performed in two aspects: to obtain a maximum extraction yield with minimum nicotine content and to obtain a maximum extraction yield with maximum nicotine content. These findings demonstrate that tobacco waste is a valuable source of bioactive compounds and MAE can be a promising alternative technique to obtain extracts rich in targeted bioactive compounds, especially nicotine.

THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM FROM CIGARETTE BUTTS POLLUTION IN INDONESIA

Indonesia is recognized as a country with high potential in maritime resources. However, Indonesia is also known as the second-largest contributor to plastic waste in the ocean. It is estimated that Indonesia contributes around 200,000 tonnes of plastic disposals. The highest pollutant of the plastic product was found to be cigarette butts. The trillions of cigarette butts generate chemical contamination the ocean waters. Chemicals that leach from the cigarette butts are extremely toxic to the aquatic life in the ocean. The marine pollution caused by this contamination was never seriously noticed, even though the huge number of cigarette butts were found in the sea. A grave concern should be shown on the impacts of the cigarette butts to the ocean. The objective of this article is to elaborate on Indonesian law dealing with the issue the cigarette butt pollution contaminating the oceans of Indonesia.This article is the result of normative research which analyzes exiting statutes and cases that aims at protecting the marine ecosystem from the cigarette filter disposal. This research attempts to analyze the existing laws and regulations in Indonesia on the protection of the marine ecosystem from toxic and hazardous wastes, especially from cigarette butts waste disposal. The results of this study show that to date there is no specific regulation dealing with tobacco waste product disposals. Accordingly, the government is suggested to enact a set of specific and effective regulations pertaining to tobacco waste products as done by some developed countries or states such as Singapore and Australia, so that marine pollution caused by cigarette butts could be prevented.