KARSKY - NEW WINE HARVEST COMPLEX-RESISTANT GRAPE VARIETY WITH COLORED PULP AND JUICE

The newest Karsky grape variety, complexly stable with colored pulp and juice, was bred in Greece in 2014 by crossing the Ommonia varieties with a mixture of pollen from the EFIAGE-3 and EFIAGE-4 varieties. The duration of the production period is 146-155 days. Vigor of shoot growth is strong (2.1-3.0 m.). The yield is high. The average weight of a bunch is 180 g. It is characterized by high winter hardiness, drought resistance and increased resistance to fungal diseases. The flower is hermaphrodite. Cylindrical-conical bunch of medium density. The berry is small, round, blue-black in color with a thick waxy bloom. The skin is firm and firm. Intensely colored pulp and juice with varietal flavor. The sugar content is very high. The variety is intended for the production of intensely colored wines of various categories, high-quality juices, suitable for the production of grape vodka.

RESULTS OF STEP CROSSES IN SELECTION OF PEAR DWARFISM DONORS

The article presents the results of 20 years of research on the implementation of a project to create pear varieties and complex donors of monogenously determined dwarfism (gene D) with high winter hardiness, group resistance to fungal diseases — scab (Venturia pirina Aderh., brownish (Entomosporium maculatum Lev.) and Septoria (Septoria piricola Desm.) and bright red color of fruits (gene C). The research was conducted according to generally accepted methods in the pear breeding gardens of Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding in 2000-2019. The study objects were populations of hybrid pear seedlings obtained from targeted crosses of highly adaptive forms and hybrids of pears with descendants of the 4th generation of the Karlikovaya Zelyonaya variety (Nain Vert), heterozygous for the dwarfism gene (Dd) in the first stage, and hybrid seedlings from crossing a DK-2 donor with sources of good fruit taste in the second stage. The aim of the research was to identify winter-hardy complex donors of dwarfism for further use in breeding programs for the creation of intensive pear varieties. Seedlings were grown using conventional technology in a breeding garden on a plot with dark gray forest soil. As a result of research for further use in breeding as complex donors of dwarfism, winter hardiness, group resistance to fungal diseases and red color of fruits, 3 forms were selected in the second stage of crosses (DK-1-6-57, DK-1-674, DK-1-4-38). Their use in long-term innovative breeding programs for the creation of intensive pear varieties will allow to conduct rejections at the early stages of ontogenesis and thereby to reduce the volume of hybrid families by 2-4 times. These complex donors are briefly characterized.

Creation of source breeding material of oat with high bioenergy indicators and variety ‘Denka’ on its basis

The purpose of the study was to create a source breeding material and a variety of oat with high productivity, resistance to fungal diseases and high energy performance. Research methods. Field, laboratory, analytical and statistical. Results. When creating a new source breeding of oat, we used an individual offspring of hybrid material obtained as a result of long-term hybridization. According to the results of studies of five oat lines, breeding numbers of 12–5, 437–99, and 570–6 were selected, which have high grain yield of 5.3–6.4 t/ha, oil content of 4.2–6.1%, protein content of 10.7–15.6% and estimated energy yield from 243.6 / 1023.1 to 349.7 / 1469.0 kcal/kJ. The affection of the oat sowing lines by flying smut averaged 8–9 points and the crown rust 7–9 points. Line 12–5 had an average yield of 6.30 t/ha, which exceeded the average group standard by plant height by 4 cm, shorter vegetation period by 13 days, resistance to smut by 2 points, to rust by 1 point, lodging and shedding of grain by 0.5–1.5 points, low husk share of 23.1%, weight of 1000 grains 35.2 g under contrasting weather conditions. The line of oat ‘Denka was transferred to the State Scientific and Technical Expertise, where it was found that the growing season averaged 92 days, plant height 81–90 cm, resistance to lodging 8.5 points, high resistance to fungal diseases (8.5–9.0 points) and drought (9 points), grain yield was 4.31 (Polissia) and 4.80 t/ha (Forest-Steppe), respectively that by 0.99 and 1.25 t/ha exceeded the average yield of varieties. Conclusions. The lines of oat by plant height, panicle length, 1000 grains weight, grain nature, resistance to fungal diseases, productivity, quality, energy value were created. The ‘Denka’ oat cultivar had an average yield of 4.31 (Polissia) and 4.80 t/ha (ForestSteppe), which, respectively, exceeded the average yield of the varieties resistant to flying smut by 0.99 and 1.25 t/ha, respectively. The variety is listed in the Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine Suitable for Distribution in the Forest-Steppe and Polissia since 2018.

RESISTANCE OF POPLAR SPECIES (POPULUS SSP.) TO DISEASES AND THE COMPLEX OF PESTS

The review analyzes the relationship between the evolution of the formation of representatives of the genus Populus and resistance to diseases and the complex of pests. The introduction of various poplar species and their hybrids in Europe is associated with the use of their wood due to the low density and thermal conductivity, which is almost twice lower than the values established for oak, beech or hornbeam. Poplar wood has found wide application as construction and fuel materials. Poplar genus (Populus L.) is widely used for landscaping settlements and creating protective plantings. The widespread distribution of poplars and their hybrids is limited by their instability to various diseases and pests. There are interspecific differences in resistance to diseases and the action of pests in representatives of the genus Populus due to the peculiarities of evolution and the appearance of several properties in representatives of this genus that contribute to resistance to fungal diseases and the effects of various insects.

Foreign cultivars of apple tree under the Crimean conditions

The article presents the results of a study of economically valuable traits of apple cultivars of foreign selection in the Crimea. The study of yield, resistance to fungal diseases, commercial qualities, chemical composition and taste of fruits was carried out. It has been established that 16 cultivars have large fruits, 10 cultivars are distinguished by high tasting grade, and 14 cultivars have an attractive appearance. These samples are of interest as a starting material for breeding work. Cultivars Champion and Prima are promising for inclusion in the breeding process to improve the chemical composition of fruits. Cultivars Askold and Prima are distinguished by increased productivity. Askold cultivar is distinguished by productivity, taste of fruits, and resistance to pathogens and is recommended for production testing in the Crimea and various regions of southern Russia.

WILD SPECIES OF THE GENUS IRIS L.

The catalogue includes descriptions of 24 iris accessions belonging to seven species of the genus Iris L. from the VIR collection: species characteristics, main ornamental traits and inflorescence structure features, flowering schedule, and reproducibility. These accessions are the most adapted to the climate conditions of the Russian Northwest. Brief descriptions facilitate identification of varieties in the field. As a result of long-term research, accessions have been identified in the iris genepool to serve as sources of valuable agronomic traits, namely high ornamental value, winter hardiness, and resistance to fungal diseases. The catalogue is recommended to plant breeders, landscaping architects, and students majoring in agricultural disciplines.

Sources of resistance to fungal diseases for selection of spring soft wheat

For breeding to create varieties resistant to fungal diseases, it is effective to work in the search for new genes of resistance to pathogens, as well as to constantly update the gene pool of spring wheat. The researches were conducted in 2014-2019 in the Samara region. The object of study was 352 collection samples of spring soft wheat of various ecological and geographical groups. The assessment of samples for resistance to fungal pathogens was carried out against a natural infectious background, including in years with a strong development of certain diseases (powdery mildew – 2014, brown rust – 2016, 2017). Accounting of plant damage by fungal diseases was carried out according to generally accepted phytopathological methods. Since 2000, the laboratory has studied and developed more than one thousand collection samples, formed working characteristic collections of samples for resistance to leaf rust (142), powdery mildew (185) and with complex resistance to these diseases (100). According to the results of six-year studies, collection samples with complex resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew were identified: Kinelskaya yubileynaya, Erythrospermum 4112, Erythrospermum 4143, Erythrospermum 4144, Erythrospermum 4146, Erythrospermum 4147, Lutescens 6045/7, Erythrospermum 6310/10-63 (Kinel), Khutoryanka (Tambov), Ulyanovskaya 105, Yaritsa (Ulyanovsk), Tulaykovskaya 108 (Bezenchuk), Sigma 2 (Omsk), KVS Aquilon (Germany). Relatively resistant to root rot pathogens samples were noted: Kinelskaya 2010, Lutescens 3960, Erythrospermum 4112, Erythrospermum 4171, Lutescens 4394 (Kinel). The selected varieties and breeding lines are recommended by us as sources of resistance to fungal diseases for use in breeding programs of the middle Volga region and research sites with similar agro-climatic conditions.