Ferroptosis-Inducing Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy

Ferroptosis, a new iron- and reactive oxygen species–dependent form of regulated cell death, has attracted much attention in the therapy of various types of tumors. With the development of nanomaterials, more and more evidence shows the potential of ferroptosis combined with nanomaterials for cancer therapy. Recently, there has been much effort to develop ferroptosis-inducing nanomedicine, specially combined with the conventional or emerging therapy. Therefore, it is necessary to outline the previous work on ferroptosis-inducing nanomedicine and clarify directions for improvement and application to cancer therapy in the future. In this review, we will comprehensively focus on the strategies of cancer therapy based on ferroptosis-inducing nanomedicine currently, elaborate on the design ideas of synthesis, analyze the advantages and limitations, and finally look forward to the future perspective on the emerging field.

The Safety and Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy as an Emerging Therapy for ALS: A Systematic Review of Controlled Clinical Trials

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a heterogeneous course that ultimately leads to death. Currently, there is no cure, and new treatments that can slow the progression of the disease are needed. Stem cell (SC) transplantation is an emerging therapy that has shown a lot of potential in recent clinical trials. This review is aimed to examine the results of various clinical trials on this topic, thus assessing the safety and efficacy of SC transplantation as a potential treatment for ALS. We identified 748 studies in our search, of which 134 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility. Six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Although some of the included studies showed the positive effect of SC transplantation, other studies found that there was no significant difference compared to the control group. We observed more positive effects with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) treatments than Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) ones. However, other factors, such as route of administration, number of doses, and number of cells per dose, could also play a role in this discrepancy. Based on this information, we conclude that more properly conducted clinical trials are needed to appreciate the benefit of this treatment.

Emerging therapy options may help patients with RAG deficiency, especially those with severe immune dysregulation

New understandings about RAG1 and RAG2 gene expression have recently been gained. Rag expression molecular pathways are now known to support research on genetic variants that influence regulatory domains for lymphoid development. The RAG1/RAG2 complex might serve as a model for RAG alterations in vivo and in vitro recombination experiments. These data indicate the approximate relationship between RAG deficiency genotype and phenotype. Although this concept has not yet been proven, it is theorized that hypomorphic RAG mutations restrict RAG complexes and interfere with appropriate T-and B-cell development.A unique cellular and animal model has uncovered significant immunological and clinical insights regarding RAG mutations. Rag mutations causing below-normal levels of T and B cell development have considerable ramifications on thymic lymphostromal cross talk as well as on receptor editing in the bone marrow and on the survival of self-reactive peripheral B cells. These difficulties account for the higher occurrence of autoimmune symptoms in people and animals with hypomorphic RAG mutations. A study looking at human T cell development used the in vitro methodology to investigate RAG-mutant mice. Finally, emerging therapy options may help patients with RAG deficiency, especially those with severe immune dysregulation. Useful therapy could benefit other people with immune inborn errors as well.New exploratory approaches are emerging to help cure RAG deficiency. These techniques have offered a distinct understanding of RAG deficiencies employing artificial thymic organoids (ATOs) and induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively (iPSCs). novel possible therapeutic approaches, such as lentiviral vector‐mediated gene therapy, gene editing, and nongenotoxic conditioning regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Radioembolization in Metastatic Breast Cancer

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains the second cause of cancer death in women, despite improvements in early breast cancer detection and treatments, with a 5-year survival of only 27%. Patients with MBC involving the liver have a 5-year survival of only 3.8 to 12%. Systemic therapy is the cornerstone for the treatment of MBC according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Radioembolization is not specifically prescribed by the NCCN guidelines in the treatment of MBC liver metastasis, but is an emerging therapy with some promising results. The two primary reasons to offer radioembolization would be to prolong life and to palliate and improve quality of life. We review here the indications, contraindications, technique, case examples, and unanswered questions.