PSVIII-22 Maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation affect fetal hepatic expression of genes underlying mineral homeostasis and lipid metabolism in early pregnancy

Vitamins and minerals play critical roles in functions such as hormone production, DNA synthesis, regulation of gene expression, and lipid metabolism. However, the impact of vitamin and mineral supplementation on fetal programming and the interplay with gene expression of fetal organs remains unclear. We used a differential gene expression analysis to determine effects of maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation (from pre-breeding to d 83 post-breeding) on fetal hepatic gene expression and the pathways underlying liver function and metabolism at 83 d of gestation. Crossbred Angus beef heifers were supplemented (VTM, n = 7) or not (CON, n = 8) with 113 g•heifer-1•d-1 of mineral premix (Purina® Wind & Rain Storm All-Season 7.5 Complete) from a minimum d 71 before breeding through d 83 of gestation. After breeding, heifers were fed to gain 0.79 kg/d. All heifers were surgically ovariohysterectomized on d 83 and fetal liver collected. Total RNA was isolated from the fetal liver (n = 15) and gene expression measured with RNA-Seq. After library quality control and read mapping, differential expression was performed using edgeR. We identified 53 genes upregulated and 37 downregulated in the VTM group (adj.Pval < 0.1). Genes involved with mineral homeostasis, such as MT1A, MT1E, and MT2A, were among those differentially expressed underlying the mineral absorption pathway. ABCA1 and ABCA6, which are involved in cholesterol and metal ion transport across the plasma membrane, and PPARG and SDR16C5, that act on lipoprotein transport and metabolism, were upregulated in the VTM group. Also upregulated in the VTM group, the CUBN gene plays a role in vitamin and iron metabolism. In summary, maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation from pre-breeding to d 83 of gestation leads to upregulation of fetal hepatic genes acting on mineral homeostasis, lipid transport, and metabolism.

51 Observing the Effect of Creep Feeding on Calf Behavior Before and After Weaning

The objective was to determine the effect of creep feeding on calf behavior before and after weaning. Cow-calf pairs (n = 54) were stratified by cow age, cow and calf BW, and allotted to 9 pastures. Pastures were randomly assigned to 3 treatments: unsupplemented control (CON), lower protein pellet (14.3% CP; LP), and a higher protein pellet (18.6% CP; HP) for 82 d. Pre-weaning calf behaviors were observed for 9 h on d 60, 64, and 74: position (standing or lying), location (pen, pasture, shade, creep), and consumption (creep, grass, milk, water, none). Post-weaning calf behaviors were observed for 12 h on d 83 and 84: position, walking, drinking, eating, and vocalizations. Prior to weaning, an interaction (P £ 0.01) occurred for consumption behaviors; CON calves spent the greatest percentage of time grazing at h 7 and 8 and not consuming at h 11. Also, LP calves had the greatest percentage of time nursing at h 8 and 11, with CON calves being intermediate, and HP calves being the least. On the day after weaning (d 83), an interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for time spent eating; CON calves spent the greatest time eating at h 10 and LP calves were the greatest at h 11. An interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for time spent walking on d 83; HP calves spent the greatest percentage of time walking at h 9 and 13. On d 84, an interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for time eating on d 84; CON calves spent the greatest percentage of time eating at h 7, 9, 11, 14, and 16 as well as overall (P = 0.05). An interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for number of vocalizations on d 84; CON calves had the greatest number of vocalizations at h 16–18 as well as overall (P < 0.01). Overall, creep feeding altered calf behaviors before and after weaning.

PSIII-6 Gene Expression Profile of Beef Heifer Placental Caruncles Is Affected by Pre-breeding and Early Gestation Micronutrient Supplementation

Vitamins and minerals are essential for proper fetal and placental development and function. However, the impact of micronutrient supplementation on placental function and gene expression remains unclear. Herein, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to determine the impact of pre-breeding maternal micronutrient supplementation on the gene expression of placental caruncles (CAR; maternal placenta). Crossbred Angus beef heifers were supplemented (VTM, n = 7) or not (CON, n = 7) with 113 g•heifer-1•d-1 of mineral premix (Purina® Wind & Rain® Storm® All-Season 7.5 Complete) from d 71 to 148 before breeding and until d 83 of gestation. After breeding, heifers were fed a diet to gain 0.79 kg/d. Uteroplacental tissues were collected at d 83. The largest placentome closest to the fetus was collected, and CAR was manually dissected from the cotyledon. Total RNA was isolated from CAR, and gene expression was measured with RNA-Seq. After data quality control and read mapping, differential expression was performed using DESeq2. We identified 46 upregulated and 19 downregulated genes in the VTM group (adj.Pval < 0.1). ShinyGO pathway analysis software was used to identify genes in the Ca and CGMP-PKG signaling pathways, including CALM2 and CAMK2G, which were down and upregulated, respectively. Calcium-mediated systems may activate steroidogenic activity in bovine placentomes, while the cGMP-PKG pathway plays a key role in vascular homeostasis mediated by nitric oxide and decreased Ca concentrations. Furthermore, biological processes underlying blood circulation were among those over-represented. Previous studies report that maternal nutrition may impact placental vascularity and uterine blood flow. ATP2B, that is upregulated in the VTM group, is a calcium/calmodulin-regulated, magnesium-dependent protein involved in intracellular Ca homeostasis. In summary, pre-breeding and early gestation maternal micronutrient supplementation leads to differential expression of genes involved in Ca homeostasis and has a putative effect on placenta vascular function.

Seek and ye shall be fine: Attitudes toward political perspective-seekers

Six pre-registered studies (N = 2421) examine how people respond to co-partisan political perspective-seekers: political allies who attempt to hear from shared opponents and better understand their views. We find North American adults and students generally like co-partisan seekers (meta-analytic Cohen’s d = .83 across 4231 participants, including an emptied file drawer). People like co-partisan seekers because they seem tolerant, cooperative, and rational, but this liking is diminished because seekers seem to validate—and may even adopt—opponents’ illegitimate views. Participants liked co-partisan seekers across a range of different motivations guiding these seekers’ actions but, consistent with our theorizing, their liking decreased (though rarely disappeared entirely) when seekers lacked partisan commitments, or when they sought especially illegitimate beliefs. Despite evidence of rising political intolerance in recent decades, these findings suggest people nonetheless celebrate political allies who tolerate and seriously consider their opponents’ views.

Vitamin and mineral supplementation and rate of gain during the first trimester of gestation affect concentrations of amino acids in maternal serum and allantoic fluid of beef heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplement and (or) rate of gain (GAIN) during early gestation on amino acid (AA) concentrations in allantoic fluid (ALF) and amniotic fluid (AMF) and maternal serum. Seventy-two crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of VTM supplement (VTM or NoVTM) and rate of gain (GAIN; low gain [LG], 0.28 kg/d, vs. moderate gain [MG], 0.79 kg/d). The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer−1•d−1, provided macro and trace minerals and vitamins A, D, and E to meet 110% of the requirements specified by the NASEM in Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/19014, 2016) was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). To complete the factorial arrangement of treatments, at breeding heifers were either maintained on the basal diet (LG), or received MG diet which was implemented by adding a protein/energy supplement to the LG diet. Thirty-five gestating heifers with female fetuses were ovariohysterectomized on d 83 of gestation and maternal serum, ALF, and AMF were collected. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of neutral AA: Ala, Asn, Cys, Gln, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val; cationic AA: Arg, His, and Lys; and anionic AA: Asp and Glu. In serum, a VTM × GAIN interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for Glu, with greater concentrations for VTM-LG than VTM-MG. Concentrations of serum Cys, Met, and Trp were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for MG than LG. In ALF, concentrations of Glu were affected by a VTM × GAIN interaction, where VTM-MG was greater (P < 0.01) than all other treatments. Further, ALF from VTM had increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of His, Asp, and 12 of the 14 neutral AA; whereas GAIN affected concentrations of Arg, Cys, and Asp, with greater concentrations (P ≤ 0.05) in MG heifers. In AMF, AA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by VTM, GAIN, or their interaction. In conclusion, increased concentrations of AA in maternal serum and ALF of beef heifers were observed at d 83 of gestation in response to VTM supplementation and rate of gain of 0.79 kg/d, which raises important questions regarding the mechanisms responsible for AA uptake and balance between the maternal circulation and fetal fluid compartments.

Características Psicológicas en Deportistas con Discapacidad Física (Psychological Characteristics in athletes with physical disability)

La preparación psicológica es importante para los deportistas en cualquier nivel del rendimiento, incluso para deportistas con discapacidad. Sin embargo, la investigación de psicología aplicada al deporte adaptado es limitada. Con el doble objetivo de identificar las Características Psicológicas (CP) de los deportistas con discapacidad física, y comparar el comportamiento de las CP en función a la experiencia deportiva, edad, sexo, y tipo de deporte (equipo vs individual), se diseñó un estudio no-experimental, transversal. Participaron 87 deportistas con discapacidad física, pertenecientes a la Liga de Antioquia (Colombia) de once disciplinas deportivas: ajedrez, atletismo, arquería, baloncesto, levantamiento de pesas, natación, rugby, tiro deportivo, tenis de mesa, tenis de campo, y voleibol. El rango de edad osciló entre los 18 y 71 años (Medad= 34.9, DE=10.8), varones n= 71 (Medad= 35.2, DE=11.2) y mujeres n= 16 (Medad= 33.3, DE=9.2). Fue completado el Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con Rendimiento Deportivos (CPRD). Los resultados señalaron que las CP no mostraron diferencias respecto a la experiencia deportiva, edad. sexo. La Cohesión de Equipo mostró diferencias por sexo (p= .092, d=.43) y entre tipo de deportes, equipo vs individual, (p<.001, d=.83). Se concluye que las CP presentaron un comportamiento homogéneas según la experiencia deportiva, edad y sexo. Hay diferencias en el factor de Cohesión de Equipo favorable para los deportistas de equipo. Futuras investigaciones pueden analizar el deporte adaptado en comparación al deporte convencional. El deporte adaptado requiere de mayor investigación que puedan aportar conocimiento para los profesionales de las ciencias del deporte.

218 Effects of feeding a vitamin and mineral supplement and (or) an energy supplement on concentrations of amino acids in beef heifer serum and fetal fluids at d 83 of gestation

Objectives were to evaluate effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) and (or) energy (NRG) supplements on concentrations of amino acids (AA) in heifer serum and allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids at d 83 of gestation. Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (body weight = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (n = 8 or 9/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of vitamin and mineral (NoVTM or VTM) and energy (NoNRG or NRG) supplements. Heifers were fed a basal total mixed ration once daily with VTM and NRG treatments top-dressed. The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer-1•d-1) was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). The NRG treatment was initiated at AI targeting gains of 0.28 kg/d for NoNRG and 0.79 kg/d for NRG. Serum, ALF, and AMF were collected at d 83 ± 0.27 of gestation and analyzed for concentrations of AA. In serum, a VTM × NRG interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for Glu, with greater concentrations for VTM-NoNRG than VTM-NRG. Concentrations of serum Cys, Met, and Trp were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for NRG than No-NRG. In ALF, concentrations of Glu were affected by a VTM × NRG interaction, where VTM-NRG was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than all others. In ALF, VTM increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of His, Asp, and 12 of the 14 neutral AA, whereas NRG increased (P ≤ 0.05) Arg, Cys, and Asp. In AMF, AA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by VTM, NRG, or their interaction. In conclusion, an increase in neutral AA concentration in ALF from beef heifers was observed at d 83 of gestation with VTM supplementation, suggesting effects on the mechanisms of AA uptake and balance between the maternal circulation and fetal fluid compartments.

PSVIII-37 Late-Breaking Abstract: Effects of feeding a vitamin and mineral supplement and (or) an energy supplement on the abundance of SLC7A5 transporter in beef heifer placentomes at d 83 of gestation

Objectives were to evaluate effects of vitamin and mineral (VTM) and (or) energy (NRG) supplements on the abundance of the neutral amino acid (AA) transporter SLC7A5 in heifer placentomes at d 83 of gestation. Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (Body weight = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (n = 8 or 9/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of vitamin and mineral (NoVTM or VTM) and energy (NoNRG or NRG) supplements. The VTM treatment was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). The NRG treatment was initiated at AI. Heifers were ovariohysterectomized at d 83 of gestation. Placentome cross sections (5 μm) were mounted onto glass slides, deparaffinized, and stained for SLC7A5. Fluorescent images of tissue areas including fetal membranes, caruncles (CAR), endometrial epithelium (EP), superficial glands (SG), deep glands (DG), and myometrium were obtained and analyzed for relative intensity of fluorescence within the areas of interest as an indicator of transporter abundance. The abundance of SLC7A5 was influenced by a VTM × NRG interaction (P = 0.05) in DG, with NoVTM-NRG being greater than heifers receiving VTM. Abundance of SLC7A5 was not influenced by NRG (P &gt; 0.12) in any structures evaluated. In EP and SG abundance of SLC7A5 was less (P ≤ 0.05) in VTM than NoVTM heifers and tended to be less in CAR (P = 0.07). Our previous work revealed no differences in maternal serum AA concentrations, but VTM heifers had greater AA concentrations in allantoic fluid than NoVTM. We hypothesize that transporter efficiency may be reduced in NoVTM heifers, with greater transporter abundance being a mechanism of compensation to supply AA to the fetus. Together, these data help to further elucidate mechanisms of AA uptake and balance between the maternal and fetal compartments.

201 Effects of feeding vitamin and mineral and (or) energy supplements to beef heifers during the first 83 days of gestation on progesterone concentrations, corpus luteum size, and fetal body measurements

Our objectives were to determine the effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) and (or) energy (NRG) supplements to beef heifers during the first 83 days of gestation on concentrations of progesterone (P4), corpus luteum (CL) size, and fetal body measurements. Crossbred beef heifers (n = 35; initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four treatments (n = 8 or 9/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of vitamin and mineral (NoVTM or VTM) and energy (NoNRG or NRG) supplements. A basal total mixed ration was fed once daily with VTM and NRG top-dressed. The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer-1•d-1) was initiated 71 to 148 d before AI. At AI, heifers were bred to a single sire, and NRG was initiated with target gains of 0.28 kg/d for NoNRG and 0.79 kg/d for NRG. Serum was collected on d 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 83 after AI and analyzed for. Gravid reproductive tracts were collected by ovariohysterectomy on d 83 ± 0.27 of gestation, and fetuses were dissected. An NRG × day interaction (P = 0.006) was observed for P4, with concentrations similar on d 14 to 56, a tendency (P = 0.09) for divergence at d 70, and greater (P = 0.002) concentrations for NRG on d 83 compared with NoNRG heifers. Furthermore, NRG heifers had greater CL weights than NoNRG (P = 0.003). Fetuses from NRG dams had greater (P = 0.009) femur weights than fetuses from NoNRG. Fetal liver weight was greater (P = 0.05) from dams fed VTM than NoVTM. Overall, providing NRG supplements during early gestation resulted in heavier CLs, that produced more P4, and greater fetal femur growth, whereas providing VTM supplements enhanced fetal liver growth.