Characteristics of the lines of the Sibiryachka cattle breed by genes CSN3, BLG, LALBA, LEP and their relationship with dairy productivity

The results of studies on productivity and genotypic structure of cows of the leading lines of Sibiryachka cattle breed, associative links of CSN3, BLG, LALBA, LEP genotypes with economically important traits are presented. Comparative evaluation showed that Reflection Sovering bull cows had the highest milk yield of 6851 kg, fat content of 4.05% and protein content of 3.15%. The Siberian bull lines Frank 937, Uragan 27 and Kursa 1949 which are being shaped are inferior to them in milk yield, fat and protein content with values of 5246-5504 kg, 3.92-3.94%; 3.10-3.12% respectively. The genotypic structure of the herd and the leading lines is identified. The Vis Back Aydiala bull line is characterized by a higher frequency of CSN3AA and LEPTT genotypes by 18.2 and 11.0%, in comparison with the Reflection Sovering line. For other genotypes, the differences do not reach the confidence threshold. The average level of homozygosity for the genes studied varies from 51.2% to 73.4%. The highest homozygosity was found for the CSN3 gene in the Vis Back Aydiala line at 79.6%. The number of effectively acting alleles is 1.66-1.72; the degree of genetic variability is 40.2-42.7%. The cows with CSN3AB genotype had 544.0 kg higher milk yield than homozygous animals for the A allele (p <0.05). The highest milk yield was observed in BLGAA animals - 6790.1 kg, which is 947.2 kg higher than in cows with the alternative BLGВВ genotype (p < 0.01). Animals with the LEPCC genotype outperformed LEPTT cows in milk yield by 718.7 kg. No priority genotypes were identified for the LALBA gene. Also, no connection has been established between genotypes and the quality indicators of milk.

Molecular monitoring of the rotavirus (Reoviridae: Sedoreovirinae: Rotavirus: Rotavirus A) strains circulating in Nizhny Novgorod (2012–2020): detection of the strains with the new genetic features

Introduction. The pentavalent rotavirus vaccine has been registered in Russia, however, the vaccination coverage remains low, and an annual increase in the incidence of rotavirus infection is unavoidable. In this regard, molecular monitoring of rotaviruses in order to search for new variants possessing epidemic potential is an urgent task. Material and methods. PCR genotyping and VP4 and VP7 genes sequencing were used to characterize rotaviruses circulating in Nizhny Novgorod in 2012–2020. The phylogenetic analysis of the strains was carried out using the BEAST software package.Results. The spectrum included 17 genotypes with predominance of G9P[8] (37,4%). Detected in this study genotypes G1P[4], G1P[9], G2P[8], G4P[4], G4P[6], G8P[8], and G9P[4] were not previously identified in Nizhny Novgorod. The circulation of DS-1-like strains possessing genotypes G1P[8], G3P[8], G8P[8], or G9P[8] and a short RNA pattern had been shown. Rotaviruses of the common genotypes were genetically heterogeneous and belonged to different phylogenetic lineages and/or sublineages (P[4]-IV-a; P[4]-IV-b; P[8]-3.1; P[8]-3.3; P[8]-3.4 and P[8]-3.6; G1-I; G1-II; G2-IVa-1; G2-IVa-3; G3-1; G3-3; G4-I-c; G9-III; G9-VI).Discussion. These results extend the available data on the genotypic structure of rotavirus populations in Russia and show the genetic diversity of viral strains. G3P[8] DS-1-like viruses were representatives of the G3-1 lineage, new for the territory of Russia, and had the largest number of amino acid substitutions in the VP7 antigenic epitopes.Conclusion. The emergence and spread of strains with new genetic features may allow rotavirus to overcome the immunological pressure formed by natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and maintain or increase the incidence of rotavirus infection.

Synergistic epistasis enhances the co-operativity of mutualistic interspecies interactions

Early evolution of mutualism is characterized by big and predictable adaptive changes, including the specialization of interacting partners, such as through deleterious mutations in genes not required for metabolic cross-feeding. We sought to investigate whether these early mutations improve cooperativity by manifesting in synergistic epistasis between genomes of the mutually interacting species. Specifically, we have characterized evolutionary trajectories of syntrophic interactions of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Dv) with Methanococcus maripaludis (Mm) by longitudinally monitoring mutations accumulated over 1000 generations of nine independently evolved communities with analysis of the genotypic structure of one community down to the single-cell level. We discovered extensive parallelism across communities despite considerable variance in their evolutionary trajectories and the perseverance within many evolution lines of a rare lineage of Dv that retained sulfate-respiration (SR+) capability, which is not required for metabolic cross-feeding. An in-depth investigation revealed that synergistic epistasis across pairings of Dv and Mm genotypes had enhanced cooperativity within SR− and SR+ assemblages, enabling their coexistence within the same community. Thus, our findings demonstrate that cooperativity of a mutualism can improve through synergistic epistasis between genomes of the interacting species, enabling the coexistence of mutualistic assemblages of generalists and their specialized variants.

Synergistic epistasis enhances cooperativity of mutualistic interspecies interactions

SUMMARYFrequent fluctuations in sulfate availability rendered syntrophic interactions between the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Dv) and the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis (Mm) unsustainable. By contrast, prolonged laboratory evolution in obligate syntrophy conditions improved the productivity of this community but at the expense of erosion of sulfate respiration (SR). Hence, we sought to understand the evolutionary trajectories that could both increase the productivity of syntrophic interactions and sustain SR. We combined a temporal and combinatorial survey of mutations accumulated over 1000 generations of 9 independently-evolved communities with analysis of the genotypic structure for one community down to the single-cell level. We discovered a high level of parallelism across communities despite considerable variance in their evolutionary trajectories and the perseverance of a rare SR+ Dv lineage within many evolution lines. An in-depth investigation revealed that synergistic epistasis across Dv and Mm genotypes had enhanced cooperativity within SR- and SR+ assemblages, allowing their co-existence as r- and K-strategists, respectively.

НЕОБХОДИМЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СЕЛЕКЦИОННОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ ДЛЯ УЛУЧШЕНИЯ РАЗВОДИМОГО СКОТА И СОХРАНЕНИЯ ЯРОСЛАВСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ

На основании проведенного исследования изменений генотипической структуры, динамики уровня продуктивности и численности подконтрольного поголовья коров ярославской породы в стране в целом и в ведущих регионах ее разведения за 15 лет сделан вывод о необходимости кардинальных изменений в стратегии селекционной работы в породной популяции для ее улучшения и сохранения от исчезновения в ближайшие 1015 лет. В качестве оптимальной кровности у помесных животных при скрещивании ярославской и голштинской пород обоснован рубеж в 50 по обеим породам, достижение которого возможно всего лишь в течение 12 поколений за счет отказа в современной популяции от использования в племенном подборе чистопородных голштинских производителей, от разведения в себе помесей с кровностью по голштинам 7587,5 и от дальнейшего поглотительного скрещивания с заменой названных методов подбора и разведения на вводное и возвратное виды скрещивания с использованием голштино-ярославских быков-производителей с кровностью 50 по обеим породам.On the basis of the study of changes in genotypic structure, the dynamics of productivity and size controlled by the number of cows of the Yaroslavl breed in the country and in major regions of its cultivation for 15 years the conclusion is made about necessity of cardinal changes in the strategy of breeding work in pedigree populations to improve and preserve from extinction in the next 10-15 years. As the optimal genotype for crossbreeding between Yaroslavl and Holstein breeds, the 50 threshold for both breeds is justified, which can be achieved only within 1-2 generations due to the refusal in the modern population to use purebred Holstein producers in breeding selection, from breeding in itself crossbreeds with the genotype of Holstein 75-87. 5 and from further absorption crossing with the replacement of the above methods of selection and breeding for introductory and return types of crossing using Holstein-Yaroslavl bulls with the genotype of 50 for both breeds.

Migration and Selection Enforced Multiple Phenotypic and Genotypic Changes in the Population of Phytophthora infestans in Israel during the Last 36-Year Period

Late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease of potato and tomato worldwide, including Israel. The population structure of this pathogen was monitored in potato and tomato fields in Israel during a 36-year period of 1983-2019. Isolates of the pathogen were tested for sensitivity to phenylamide fungicides, mating type, race structure, and genotype. The phenotypic and genotypic structure of the population from potato have changed greatly from one year to another, from one season to the next, within a season and within a single field. Major changes also occurred in the population collected from tomato crops. The mechanisms driving these multiple changes and the heterogeneous nature of the population in Israel are shown to derive from multiple migration events of the pathogen via seed tubers from Europe and from fitness-driven selection processes.

Genetic diversity and differentiation of pedunculate (Quercus robur) and sessile (Q. petraea) oaks

This study was conducted to determine the parent–offspring genetic structure of the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), sessile oak (Q. petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) and their hybrids. Forty half-sib Quercus families and their maternal trees originating from one tree stand in southern Lithuania were analyzed using SSR and RAPD markers. Based on a preliminary study of leaf morphological traits, the individuals separated into six groups. The studied half-sib oak families were also compared for allelic diversity, including group variations; genotypic structure; genetic diversity; and the degree of genetic subdivision and differentiation. The level of genetic variation and subdivision was lower in the hybrid families than in the families of the parental species. Genotypic analysis of the half-sibling offspring showed the asymmetric nature of interspecific hybridization processes of pedunculate and sessile oaks in mixed stands.

Genetic structure analysis of leaf rust resistant triticale accessions from the VIR collection using gliadin patterns

The gliadin banding patterns of important accessions from the collection of the N. I. Vavilov All‑Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) registered in the form of “protein formulas” provide reliable information for the preparation of a “protein passport” for each accession and is convenient for storage and computer processing. It helps to control originality and integrity of accessions during regeneration and their use in breeding. The study involved 17 triticale accessions resistant to leaf rust. The analysis was carried out on single grains of the original accession (a sample of 13–26 kernels) according to the standard protocol adopted by VIR and approved by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). The gliadin electrophoretic banding patterns of triticale accessions were registered in the form of “protein formulas”; polymorphism of each accession and genetic diversity within the collection were estimated, and genetic structure of accessions was identified based on the marker protein components. A large variety of the revealed genotypes opens a possibility to identify accessions that combine resistance with other useful traits. Stable and polymorphic accessions including from 2 to 7 biotypes were found. The discovery of interbiotype hybrids and recombinant genotypes in the composition of some polymorphic accessions indicates the instability of their genetic structure and the ongoing formation process. This is due to the heterogeneity of the original parental forms, the tendency to cross‑pollination and insufficiently thorough selection. The data on the triticale genotypic structure can be used in introgressive breeding to control the transfer of rye genetic material to wheat varieties in order to increase their immunity and resistance to adverse factors.