Evaluation of Bacterial Diversity in a Swine Manure Composting System Contaminated With Veterinary Antibiotics (VAs)

The objective of this work was identify microorganisms present in swine effluent composting system, under the contamination by most use veterinary drugs in Brazil. The composting took place for 150 days, where was addition of 200 liters of manure (these 25 liters initially contaminated with 17 antibiotics) in 25 kg of eucalyptus wood shavings. Microorganisms were measured at times (0 until 150 days), and were identified in the V3-V4 regions of the 16S RNAr for Bacteria, by means of next-generation sequencing (NSG). The results showing 7 different Bacteria Phyla and, 70 Bacteria Genus identified (more than 1% significance), in total there were more than 26 phyla and 585 genera of bacteria. The genus Brucella was found during mesophilic and thermophilic phases, this genus, not yet been reported in article involving composting process. These results suggested the potential of adaptation of the bacterial community with antibiotics denoted through the antibiotics.

A Comparative Analysis of Cost and Affordability between Veterinary and Human Pharmaceutical Drugs in India

To analyze the comparison of cost and affordability between veterinary and human drugs in India. A comparative study was conducted in two regions of Chennai based on a simple random sampling technique. Both Veterinary and human drugs were collected from private veterinary and Human drug pharmacies. Price and availability data of veterinary medicines and human medicines were collected from private sector retail pharmacies. As per the data analysis, descriptive statistics are used. The comparison of various antibiotic, anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-histamine, anti-tick drug prices used in humans and Animals. The variation of a single unit Amoxicillin drug for veterinary costs Rs.30 whereas in Humans, the same drug costs to Rs.18.6.Cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin drugs showed a higher cost range in veterinary than in human drugs which had a difference of Rs.9 on average. Doxycycline, Chlorpheniramine, aspirin, Clotrimazole were the only veterinary drug cheaper than their similar human combination. The veterinary drugs are too expensive and we must take certain steps to avoid those high prices. Drug Regulation policies must be implemented for a veterinary drug similar to a human drug. Keywords: Veterinary Drugs, Human Drugs, Price, Affordability.