A Comparative Analysis of Cost and Affordability between Veterinary and Human Pharmaceutical Drugs in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-176
Author(s):  
Prashanthy. M.R ◽  
Shreelakshmi. S ◽  
Prabu. D
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Veterinary Medicines ◽  
Anti Fungal

To analyze the comparison of cost and affordability between veterinary and human drugs in India. A comparative study was conducted in two regions of Chennai based on a simple random sampling technique. Both Veterinary and human drugs were collected from private veterinary and Human drug pharmacies. Price and availability data of veterinary medicines and human medicines were collected from private sector retail pharmacies. As per the data analysis, descriptive statistics are used. The comparison of various antibiotic, anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-histamine, anti-tick drug prices used in humans and Animals. The variation of a single unit Amoxicillin drug for veterinary costs Rs.30 whereas in Humans, the same drug costs to Rs.18.6.Cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin drugs showed a higher cost range in veterinary than in human drugs which had a difference of Rs.9 on average. Doxycycline, Chlorpheniramine, aspirin, Clotrimazole were the only veterinary drug cheaper than their similar human combination. The veterinary drugs are too expensive and we must take certain steps to avoid those high prices. Drug Regulation policies must be implemented for a veterinary drug similar to a human drug. Keywords: Veterinary Drugs, Human Drugs, Price, Affordability.

scholarly journals Analysis of Factors Influencing Financial Performance of Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies in Lesotho: Evidence From Maseru District

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Goodluck A. Mmari ◽  
Lebitso C. Thinyane
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Mathematical Equations

SACCOS play a major role of providing financial access to poor people who are excluded from the services of Formal Financial Institutions (FFIs). However, they also face number of challenges which may affect their performance. Most of the previous studies in the area of SACCOS did not concentrate on their performance. The aim of this study therefore was to assess performance of SACCOS in Maseru District, Lesotho. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design where data were collected at one point in time. A sample size of 369 respondents was computed by the use of formula by Yamane (1967). Respondents in the sample were selected by using simple random sampling technique. However, respondents from individual SACCOS were proportional to the total number of members in particular SACCOS. This was done in order to make the sample representative of all SACCOS in the study area. Analyses of data were done by using different techniques which include: mathematical equations (i to vii); different financial ratios; tables; graphs; bar charts and other types of descriptive statistics like mode and percentages. It was found that socio economic characteristics of members were supportive to financial performance of the SACCOS. Furthermore, SACCOS in the study area achieved high performance in terms of ratios of members’ capital; loan delinquency; volumes of savings in the SACCOS; and growth of total assets. On the other hand, the SACCOS realised poor financial performance in terms of ratio of fixed assets to total assets; and share capital owned by members.

scholarly journals Postharvest Losses of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) in the Open Markets in Ibadan Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Ojimi K O ◽  
Oyediran W O ◽  
Salawu M B ◽  
Abiodun Y ◽  
Alaka F A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Postharvest Losses ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Open Markets ◽  
Analyze Data

Postharvest losses of tomato pose serious threat on the economic viability of actors in the tomato production chain in Nigeria. Therefore, postharvest losses of tomato among marketers in Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State Nigeria were investigated by the researchers. One hundred and twenty tomato marketers were chosen from the five food markets in Ibadan metropolis through a simple random sampling technique. The study adopted linear regression and descriptive statistics to analyze data. The outcomes of the investigation show that females were 92.5% and 88.3% were married. Capital is primarily raised through cooperative societies (57.5%). Postharvest losses of tomato accounted for 18.9% of purchase which represents ₦124,800/day. The major causes of PHLs are poor packaging (100%) and poor storage (100%) by the tomato marketers. Meanwhile, all the respondents (100%) adopted sorting to reduce PHLs of tomato. The regression analysis showed that education has a significant effect to reduce PHLs of tomato. The study concluded that huge postharvest and monetary losses of tomato are experienced by the tomato marketers. The study recommends provision of quality postharvest handling education to tomato marketers as a way of reducing PHLs of tomato in Ibadan.

THE PERCEPTION, AWARENESS AND USE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES BY UNDERGRADUATES OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. LASODE ◽  
O. O. LAWAL ◽  
M. C. OFODILE
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Counselling Services ◽  
Counselling Needs ◽  
The University

This research investigated perception, awareness and use of Guidance and Counselling Services (G&CS) by undergraduates of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). Simple random sampling technique was used to sample 283 respondents across the ten (10) Colleges in the Institution. Data were collected with the aid of questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, and mean. The questionnaire was subjected to a pilot study that revealed psychometric properties of Cronbach's Apha 0.86. Results revealed that 91.1% of the respondents were aware of G&CS and 74.6% of the respondents currently using the services indicated that it was very helpful. The rating of the counselling needs of the respondents revealed that academic issues with a mean of 3.62 is the most important factor, followed by examination pressure management which had a mean of 3.51. The rating of the perception of students on the quality and effectiveness of G&CS indicated that organized orientation services for fresh students ranked first (mean = 2.55), while effective counselling on personal, social, academic and vocational challenges ranked second (mean = 2.49). The fresher's orientation service received the highest perception (mean = 2.55) among respondents on the quality and effectiveness of G&CS in the institution. The use of G&CS is presently assisting students to attain competencies needed to overcome academic, career and personal concerns. The study concluded that the G&CS needs of the students across the Colleges differ due to the dissimilarities in their disciplines across the University.    

scholarly journals PROFIL PROFESIONALISME GURU MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH UNGGULAN DI JAKARTA SELATAN

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Hasyim Asy'ari ◽  
Asep Ediana Latip
Keyword(s):  
Learning Community ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Self Development

Abstract : This study aims at formulating a model of the profile of teachers professionalism of excellent Islamic Primary School (IPS). The source of data of this research is obtained from six excelence IPS in South Jakarta that achieve score of accreditation A.This research is a non experimental research that uses survey method. The population of this research is all teachers in 15 Excelence IPS with the sample as much as 40% of the teachers. as many as 100 teachers. As for the sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling with descriptive statistics. The result of this research shows that firstly the profile of professionalism of the teachers of excellent IPS in South Jakarta is indicated by adequate teachers competency in personality, pedagogy, professionalism, and social aspect. Secondly, at the dimension of learning community teachers have not fully showed self development as a part of learning community. Thirdly, at the financial dimension it is know that the teachers of especially State Islamic Primary Schools are willing to accept all the policy of reward system set by the goverment and their schools headmasters. Fourtly, the linearity of educational background with the teaching profession. Fifthly, there is no difference in average scores the characteristics of profile of teachers professionalism between Private Islamic Primary Schools and the State ones. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i1.1110

scholarly journals Access to Veterinary Medicines in sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glória Jaime ◽  
Alexandre Hobeika ◽  
Muriel Figuié
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
International Level ◽  
Veterinary Medicines ◽  
Sub Saharan

The significant increase in antibiotics resistance (AMR) has become a major issue over the last decade. Current international focus falls largely on reducing the excessive use and misuse of antibiotics in animal farming. The drivers of this consumption are generally studied through farmers' behavior and veterinary-farmers interactions. However, drug use also results from structural factors that determine the functioning of the drugs market chain and farmers' access to drugs. This article presents an overview of the limits to access to veterinary drugs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as well as the international policy tools and setups that claim to improve it. We analyze the scientific and grey literature, the publicly available data of the veterinary pharmaceutical industry and international organizations in order to gather information on the veterinary drugs markets in SSA, and on the norms, recommendations, guidelines and initiatives at international level that impact the functioning of the markets chains in SSA. We highlight numerous roadblocks to access to veterinary medicines in SSA. The African market is highly dependent on imports. It suffers from a high level of fragmentation, weak distribution infrastructures and services and is driven by the multiplication of private non- professional actors playing a growing role in the veterinary drug chains. The distribution system is increasingly dualized, with on the one hand the public sector (supported by development organizations) supplying small scale farmers in rural areas, but with limited and irregular means; and on the other side a private sector largely unregulated which supplies commercial and industrial farming systems. Different innovations have been developed at the international level to lower these barriers, such as homogenization of national legislations, donations and vaccine banks. Along decades-old inter-state cooperation, many new forms of Public-Private partnerships and hybrid forums are emerging, signaling a growing power of the private sector in the global governance. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), access to veterinary drugs is far from a given and remains an issue for many farmers. Drugs access is highly heterogeneous, little regulated and the market chains are increasingly segmented. The duality of the structure of the market chains has significant implications for the strategies aiming at controlling AMR at global level. Many of them emphasize the need to reduce the use of antibiotics at farm levels, without embracing this duality within countries. These strategies need to take to take into account the diversity of the conditions of access and use of drugs. Policies aimed at regulating the risks associated with the use of some drugs, especially antimicrobials, should not only focus on end users, farmers and veterinarians, but also encompass the actors that influence the flow of these compounds.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Student Learning Motivation Against Student Learning Independence on Dynamic Electric Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Dina Fajrin ◽  
Dwi Fajar Saputri ◽  
Ira Nofita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyses the relationship between student' learning motivation and student learning independence on dynamic electrical material in class IX SMP Negeri 7 Sungai Raya. The research method used is descriptive, with a correlative form of research. The population is 117 student from all grade IX students of SMP Negeri 7 Sungai Raya, the sample used in this study was 89 students. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling. Values used for independent and bound variables use a questionnaire. The Values analysis technique used is descriptive statistics and correlations with the coefficient of determination at a significant level of 5%. The result of research found that (1) student motivation in class IX SMP Negeri 7 Sungai Raya in the good category; (2) the independence of student learning was in a good category;  and (3) there was a positive and significant relationship between student motivation on student learning independence. So it can be concluded that the greater the student's learning motivation, the greater their learning independence.

scholarly journals STUDENTS’ NEED FOR, AWARENESS, PERCEPTION AND USE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
Abolanle O. Lasode ◽  
Olanrewaju O. Lawal ◽  
Modester C. Ofodile
Keyword(s):  
Academic Career ◽  
Student Perception ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Student Needs ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Counselling Services ◽  
Counselling Needs ◽  
The University

This research investigated students’ needs, awareness, perception and use of Guidance and Counselling Services (G&CS) in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). Simple random sampling technique was used to sample 283 respondents across the ten (10) colleges in the institution. Data were collected with the aid of questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, and mean. The questionnaire was subjected to a pilot study that revealed psychometric properties of Cronbach’s Apha 0.86. Result revealed that 91.1% of the respondents were aware of G&CS and 74.6% of the respondents currently using the services indicated that it was very helpful. The rating of the counselling needs of the respondents revealed that academic issues with a mean of 3.62 ranked first, and exam pressure management had a mean of 3.51 ranked second. Furthermore, the rating of the perception of students on the quality and effectiveness of G&CS indicated that organized orientation services for fresh students ranked first (mean = 2.55), while effective counselling on personal, social, academic and vocational challenges ranked second (mean = 2.49). The study concluded that the G&CS needs of the students across the colleges differ due to the dissimilarities in their disciplines across the University. The G&CS was assisting students to attain competencies needed to overcome academic, career and personal concerns. The fresher’s orientation service received the highest perception (mean = 2.55) among respondents on the quality and effectiveness of G&CS in the institution. Keywords: student needs, student awareness, student perception, guidance and counselling.

scholarly journals Determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation in microfinance markets in Huye district, southern province, Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (07) ◽  
pp. 18319-18329
Author(s):  
Eularie Mutamuliza ◽  
◽  
K Vishwanatha ◽  
SR Mbaraka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Southern Province

Microfinance markets play a significant role in enhancing socio-economic development of developing countries. In Rwanda, access to microfinance in financing agriculture is very important for future development. Despite this development, smallholder farmers still have limited access to institutional financial services. This study assessed factors that affect smallholder farmers’ participation in microfinance markets in three sectors of Maraba, Mukura and Ngoma in Huye district in Southern province of Rwanda. Primary data were collected using questionnaires and personal interviews. A total of 300 respondents were selected using a simple random sampling technique from participants and non-participants in microfinance markets. Data collected were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Probit regression model. Results from descriptive statistics revealed that major sources of income were farming and business activities. Findings revealed also that each household had an average of about five members with standard deviation of 1.901 and mean value of household land size of 1.87 ha with standards deviation of 0.758. Findings from Probit analysis revealed that household size, education, total annual income, cooperative membership, and household savings had a positive and significant effect on smallholder farmers’ participation in microfinance markets. Distance from microfinance institutions negatively influenced participation in microfinance markets. Households that were located far from to the microfinance institutions were less likely to participate in microfinance markets compared to those nearer to the institutions. This study recommends microfinance institutions in Rwanda to expand their financial systems to enable smallholder farmers access affordable agricultural finance. Further, there is need for microfinance institutions to create more awareness programs to help smallholder farmers get key information related to microfinance services. This is expected to influence smallholder farmers’ willingness to apply for microcredits for agricultural development. This will in the long-run help the smallholder farmers to adopt new practices and technologies thus increasing their agricultural production.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL CERITA MATEMATIKA BERDASARKAN LANGKAH PENYELESAIAN POLYA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Nur Rofi'ah ◽  
Hidayah Ansori ◽  
Siti Mawaddah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Word Problems ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Mathematical Word Problems

Soal cerita matematika seringkali dianggap sulit oleh para siswa, sehingga seringkali terdapat banyak kesalahan yang dibuat oleh siswa dalam menjawab soal cerita matematika. Tujuan dari penetian ini adalah menganalisis jenis kesalahan yang dibuat oleh siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika berdasarkan langkah penyelesaian Polya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri Se-Kecamatan Banjarmasin Tengah merupakan Populasi dari penelitian ini. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling sehingga diambil sampel dari lima sekolah dengan jumlah 422 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data memakai tes soal uraian serta dianalisis berdasarkan langkah penyelesaian Polya. Data dianalisis menggu­nakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat jenis kesalahan yang dilakukan siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri di Kecamatan Banjarmasin Tengah dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita materi Aritmatika Sosial berdasarkan langkah penyelesaian Polya yaitu kesalahan memahami masalah termasuk ke dalam kesalahan dengan kategori kecil. Sedangkan, kesalahan menyu­sun rencana, kesalahan menyelesaikan perencanaan, dan kesalahan memeriksa kembali termasuk ke dalam kesalahan dengan kategori cukup tinggi.Kata kunci: analisis kesalahan, soal cerita matematika,langkah penyelesaian Polya.Abstract: Mathematical word problems are often considered difficult by students, so there are many mistakes made by students in answering mathematical word problems. The research aim is to analyze the types of errors made by students in solving mathematical word problems based on Polya's completion steps. This research uses descriptive research method with quantitative approach. VII grade students of SMP Negeri in Central Banjarmasin District are the population of this study. Simple random sampling technique was used in the research so that five schools with a total 422 students had been choosen. Data collection techniques used test (essay questions) and it was analyzed based on Polya's completion steps. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that there were four types of errors made by VII grade students of SMP Negeri in Central Banjarmasin District in solving mathematical word problems about Social Arithmetic based on Polya's completion steps, namely error in understanding problems included in errors with small categories. Meanwhile, error in planning, error in completing plans, and error in re-checking are included in the errors with a fairly high category. Keywords: error analysis, mathematical word problems, Polya's completion steps

Buying Behavioural Pattern Regarding Smartphone Users

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mokhalles Mohammad Mehdi
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Behavioural Pattern ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Product Features ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Post Purchase

Consumer buying behavior is the process of understanding consumers selection, buying and using of Smartphone. The purpose of study is to identify pre-purchase factors and post purchase liking attributes of smartphone users in a university of Jorhat. In addition, it investigates awareness about smartphone and brand wise ownership of users. In order to accomplish the objectives of study, a sample of 80 consumers were taken by using simple random sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed and tested using descriptive statistics and hypothesis were tested through Phi and Cramers V in this study. Results of the survey revealed that Samsung has highest top of mind awareness and users from consumer groups. Research highlighted several new insights about smartphone users pre-buying behavior and post-buying behavior. Pre-buying behavior of consumers were influenced by factors namely, price, features, user friendliness, after sales service. Post-purchase liking attributes of smartphone users are mainly availability of social networking application and unique product features. The research concludes that there is no relationship between (a) smartphone ownership and monthly income (b) frequency of smartphone change and amount ready to spend.

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