Effects of intercropping on temperate grasses canopy architecture and nutritive profile

This paper aimed to evaluate the impact of intercropping between oats and triticale species, over three defoliation cycles. The experiment occurred in two winters in a row, and was in split-plot randomized complete blocks design (20 plots) with five species combination, four blocks and three defoliations. The main plots were the species combination: black oat (Avena strigosa cv. IAPAR 61) – BO, white oat (Avena sativa cv. IPR Emerald) – WO, triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack cv. Tpolo 981) – T; and the intercropping: black oat + triticale – BOT, and white oat + triticale - WOT. The sub-plots were the three defoliations cycles initially scheduled to be every 28 days. The intercropping between oats and triticale did not affect the accumulated dry matter yield (DM), but it also improved the pastures, as an increase on crude protein content (CP) (about 1.85% greater in WOT than WO; and 2.7% greater in BOT than BO). The number of leaves was also increased by the intercropping, from 4.2 (WO) and 3.7 (BO) to 7.6 (WOT) and 7.2 (BOT) leaves per main stem. Over the defoliation cycles, the maximum average of growth rate (2.72 t DM ha-1 ºCd-1), tiller per plant (10 tillers plant-1) and main tiller height (53.2 cm) were unanimously observed at third defoliation. The changes observed did not reduced the nutritional quality of the pastures, therefore both are highly indicated to these conditions.

Utilisation of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and residual oat flour in breadmaking

During the last few years, non-bread cereals, as a rich source of bioactive components, play an increasingly important role in the production of new healthier food. A large number of diet-related diseases in society requires developing and regular consumption of high-quality food. In this study, triticale flour was supplemented with residual oat flour (ROF), which is a by-product in the production of oat fibre concentrate, to obtain triticale-oat bread with improved chemical composition and quality. The flours obtained from 3 winter triticale cultivars were enriched with 10%, 15%, and 20% of ROF. An increasing level of ROF resulted in higher protein and lipids content and a two-fold increase in β-glucan content (from 0.3% for control breads to 0.6% for 20% ROF) what improved the quality of dietary fibre in breads (DF). The bread parameters, especially bread volume (BV), the shape of loaves, crust colour and crumb texture, decreased with the addition of ROF. The triticale-oat breads with the best quality were obtained from 10% addition of ROF. Results confirmed the possibility of utilisation triticale and ROF for the production of bread with a unique chemical composition constituting a simultaneously rich source of DF.

Nanopartículas de quitosano mejoran la calidad nutracéutica de germinados de triticale

El uso de nanopartículas de quitosán (NPs CS) se ha vuelto una alternativa prometedora en la agricultura moderna como un inductor en la biosíntesis de metabolitos secundarios. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de NPs CS en la calidad nutraceútica de germinados de triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack). Dosis creciente de NPs CS: 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 y 0.8 mg ml-1 se aplicaron una sola vez en la etapa de imbibición, después se dejaron en cajas Petri durante 7 días a 25 ±2 °C de temperatura. Las NPs CS no afectaron la germinación ni el peso freso de la raíz a las concentraciones probadas, y a la concentración de 0.1 mg ml-1 aumentó el peso fresco del brote hasta 83.3%. En presencia de 0.8 mg ml-1 de las NPs CS los compuestos fenólicos disminuyen un 7% y aumentan 29% los flavonoides. Los resultados confirman un efecto promotor de las NPS CS en los germinados, abriendo la posibilidad de ser utilizadas como inductores en la biosíntesis de compuestos bioactivos en germinados de triticale.

Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, and Concentration of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Grain of Winter Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) Lines

Fusarium head blight (FHB) can cause contamination of cereal grain with mycotoxins. Triticale is also infected with FHB; however, it is more resistant than wheat to head infection. The aim of this study was to identify triticale lines that combine low head infection with low toxin contamination. Resistance to FHB of 15 winter triticale and three winter wheat lines was evaluated over a three-year experiment established in two locations. At the anthesis stage, heads were inoculated with Fusarium culmorum isolates. The FHB index was scored and the percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) assessed. The grain was analysed for type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol and derivatives, nivalenol) and zearalenone content. The average FHB index was 10.7%. The proportion of FDK was 18.1% (weight) and 21.6% (number). An average content of deoxynivalenol amounted to 7.258 mg/kg and nivalenol to 5.267 mg/kg. In total, it was 12.788 mg/kg of type B trichothecenes. The zearalenone content in the grain was 0.805 mg/kg. Relationships between FHB index, FDK, and mycotoxin contents were statistically significant for triticale lines; however, they were stronger for FDK versus mycotoxins. Triticale lines combing all types of FHB resistance were found, however the most resistant ones were less resistant that wheat lines with the Fhb1 gene.

Pre-harvest Sprouting Tolerance of Triticale Genotypes in Brazil

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) represents one of the main factors, which causes yield, technological and physiological losses in triticale seeds (X Triticosecale Wittmack). This work aimed to rate the variability and identify potential pre-harvest sprouting tolerant sources in triticale genotypes. Based on that, 32 triticale and three wheat genotypes were sown in 2016, 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, in Londrina-PR, Brazil. After the ears harvesting, these were submitted to simulate raining, for sprouting induction, through nebulization in a greenhouse. After nebulization, ears were sun dried, later hand threshed to determain, grain germination percentage (GERM) and hectoliter weight (HW). Additionally, it was determined grains HW of ears, whom were not submitted to nebulization, as well as the whole meal flour falling number (FN). The experiment design was completely randomized design, with two replications, and the experimental unit was made of 20 ears. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scott-Knott test. Frontana, ND 674 and Quartzo are a source of tolerance to PHS in wheat. In triticale genotypes, genetic variability was observed for GERM, FN, and HW prior and after nebulization. The triticale genotypes BRS Netuno, BRS Saturno, TCL 15116, X 092181, Tiguera 1 and Tiguera 8, where tolerant towards PHS.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE GENÓTIPOS DE TRITICALE PARA TOLERÂNCIA À GERMINAÇÃO NA ESPIGA

A germinação na espiga é uma das principais características a afetar a cultura do triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack), representando um fator limitante de qualidade tecnológica para a indústria de transformação e de qualidade fisiológica para a produção de sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a tolerância/suscetibilidade à GE de genótipos de triticale. Para isso, 30 genótipos de triticale e três de trigo foram semeados, na safra 2016, na Estação Experimental do IAPAR/Londrina. Após a colheita, parte das espigas foi submetida à indução da germinação por nebulização em ambiente protegido, por 48 horas. Transcorridas as 48 horas de nebulização, estas foram trilhadas manualmente para a determinação da porcentagem de grãos germinados (% GG) do Peso Hectolítrico (PH) com e sem nebulização e o Numero de Queda. A análise variância constatou diferença significativa entre os genótipos de triticale para todas as características avaliadas. Dos 30 genótipos de triticale avaliados, 14 não apresentaram diferença estatística dos genótipos de trigo utilizados como testemunhas. De uma maneira geral, quatro genótipos de triticale (BRS 203, BRS Netuno, BRS Saturno e TPOLO 66) destacaram-se por apresentar baixo % de grãos germinados e manter o peso hectolítrico alto mesmo após serem expostos a 48 horas de nebulização.

EFEITOS DO FENÔMENO GERMINAÇÃO PRÉ-COLHEITA NA PRODUÇÃO DE TRITICALE (x Triticosecale Wittmack)

O fenômeno da germinação na espiga tem sido observado ao longo de muitos anos, e em várias áreas produtoras de triticale em todo o mundo, sendo considerado um problema agronômico, pois, representa um fator limitante de qualidade tecnológica para a indústria e de qualidade fisiológica para a produção de sementes. O objetivo deste estudo foi conceituar a germinação pré-colheita, expondo os prejuízos para o triticale em relação à qualidade tecnológica para a indústria de transformação e para qualidade fisiológica de sementes. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa em base de dados de publicações cientificas e consultas em livros. O processo de germinação pré-colheita é similar a germinação no solo, porém ocorre na espiga sendo ocasionado por determinadas condições climáticas favoráveis. Em campos de produção de sementes os prejuízos são verificados por meio da redução de viabilidade, podendo comprometer a comercialização dos lotes. Em relação à qualidade de grãos destinados a indústria para a panificação, os prejuízos são constatados na farinha, sendo resultado de alterações provocadas em ações enzimaticas. Concluiu-se que a ocorrência de germinação pré-colheita acarreta prejuízos na qualidade fisiológica das sementes e qualidade tecnológica para as indústrias de grãos de triticale um dos principais produtos obtidos dos grãos de triticale.