Recognizing and Implementing International Human Rights Standards in Domestic Legislation: An Exposure Under Ukrainian Law

Everything about human right is inalienable void of violation from the human race. It is therefore that responsibility of the international community in ensuring the effective preservation and respect of these rights without any threat of violations. In ensuring its recognition and implementation, international standards have been established where there is the need of States parties to these international human right treaties in ensuring its incorporation in its various domestic legislations. The content and specific features of the introduction of international human rights standards into national legislation have been analyzed in the article. The methodological basis of research is a set of general scientific and special methods, in particular, dialectical, historical-legal, epistemological, comparative-legal. International standards for the protection of human rights have been defined as principles and norms enshrined in international regulatory legal acts that define fundamental human rights and freedoms, the obligation of the State to respect them, to assist in their realization, preservation and protection against unlawful encroachments, and to establish liability for their violations and methods of protection. It has been clarified that the procedure of implementation of international human rights standards into national legislation includes the following stages: (i) recognition of human rights by the State and their enshrinement in national legislation; (ii) institutionalization of the standard of human rights protection; (iii) bringing the current legislation in line with the international human rights standard and interpreting the latter; (iv) establishment of measures and means of protection and defense of human rights; (v) determining the procedure for the realization of the enshrined right; (vi) control over the observance of the international human rights standard.

Legal Nature of Terrorist Crimes in Russian Legal System

The article examines the legal nature of terrorism from the Russian legal system point of view. The relevance of the research stems from the large scale, sophistication, and cruelty with which terrorist crimes have been committed over the recent decades. Terrorism has nowadays become a global threat, and any government, including government of the Russian Federation, must take it into consideration when formulating its domestic and foreign policy. In countering terrorist crimes, current regulations of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation take rather important part. Punishment differentiation, depending on corpus delicti and consequences, as well as correct qualification of terrorist crimes, are the most important conditions of those regulation’s efficient application. This problem is in fact interdisciplinary one, which is proved by researchers from other scientific fields: not only law scientists, but also psychologists, historians, political scientists. All the listed illustrates relevance, timeliness, and expediency of researching the problems mentioned. The purpose of the study is formulating recommendations for solving the above-mentioned issues of improving the existing criminal (and other) measures and developing new viable and practically applicable criminal measures for countering terrorist crimes.

A Comparative Understanding of Criminal Liability Formation for Crimes Against Women in Uzbekistan and Cameroon

Women continue to be victims of violence and the violation of their human rights keep being in the increase as they experienced constant hatred on their status. This article analyzes liability for crimes against women under criminal legislations of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Cameroon by assessing the Criminal Codes rules in both countries in terms of identifying its distinctive features of legal regulation conditional to gender and family differences of subjects is provided. Expert study of criminal legislations related to crimes against women plays a facilitating role in identifying not only real scope of criminal law rules, but also determining if there is a gap in law, or legal regulation is insufficiently socially conditioned. Moreover, analysis of genesis of criminal standards on responsibility for crimes against women made it possible to trace changes in law in relation to such objects of criminal law protection as, for example, life, health, sexual freedom and sexual immunity, honor and dignity of woman, interests of family and its members.

Developing Information Technology Law and Legislation: Analysis of International Experience and Possibilities of Its Application in Ukraine

The purpose of this article is focusing attention on the relevant problematic issues that exist in the sphere of legal regulation of domestic area of high technologies, as well as finding ways of their effective solution. Noted that the legal regulation of objects and phenomena surrounding the domestic information technology (IT) sphere is quite weak and insufficient compared to other countries. Effectively functioning practices of legal regulation of the sphere of high technologies that exist in developed democracies are analyzed for their compliance with the realities of the domestic legal system. Considerable attention is paid to the characteristics of the current state of functioning of IT law and legislation in democracies. The initial successes that have already been achieved in Ukraine in relation to the IT sphere in the past were analyzed. The perspective directions of further development of IT law, as well as related domestic and international legislation, are considered. It is pointed out that the development of both the domestic high-tech industry and the functioning of IT law and legislation are inextricably linked with the democratization of the country. The methodological basis for writing the article was a set of general scientific and special methods and techniques of scientific knowledge.

La ponderación y su aplicación en la sentencia 11-18-CN/19 referente al "matrimonio igualitario" en el Ecuador

En el año 2019, la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador emitió la sentencia 11-18-CN/19. En esta resolución, se afirmó que el artículo 67 de la Constitución—que establecía que el matrimonio es la unión entre hombre y mujer—era inconstitucional, abriendo así la posibilidad a que personas del mismo sexo se casen. Para ello, el Juez Ponente Ramiro Ávila Santamaría, entre otros argumentos, utilizó la ponderación, cuya parte esencial es la fórmula del peso. No obstante, esta no fue utilizada en la sentencia. Mediante este método argumentativo se concluyó que el principio de igualdad prevalece frente a otros principios generales del Derecho. El presente trabajo analiza la fórmula del peso, aplicándola de la manera en que, según considero, debió haberlo hecho la Corte Constitucional en la sentencia del “matrimonio igualitario”. Al efecto, se utiliza el método analítico-sintético, descomponiendo en fragmentos la argumentación realizada por el Juez Ávila. El primer apartado trata sobre los elementos de la fórmula del peso. Posteriormente, se expone el ejercicio ponderativo efectuado en la sentencia. A continuación, se demuestran los yerros argumentativos cometidos, resaltando la equivocación al escoger los principios en pugna. Por último, se plantea un nuevo ejercicio ponderativo, enfrentando los principios que debieron haber sido llevados a la balanza. El trabajo concluye que la Corte Constitucional aplicó erróneamente la ponderación en la sentencia del “matrimonio igualitario”.

Experiencing Personal Data Protection on the Internet and Its Possibilities of Recognition and Enforcement in Ukraine

The purpose of this article is to find the most successful ways, forms and methods of personal data protection on the Internet among foreign countries for domestic political and legal realities. The following methods were used in the article: dialectical, logical-semantic, comparative-legal, documentary analysis, analytical, information-analytical. Issues related to the adaptation of the successful experience of a number of developed countries in the field of personal data protection on the Internet are brought up for discussion. Some options are covered and specified, which include effective methods and ways to implement an effective mechanism for personal data protection on the Internet in Ukraine. It is emphasized that the protection and proper confidentiality of personal data of individuals is one of the key tasks currently facing modern jurists. It is also added that the nature and specifics of the use and protection of personal data of individuals, including on the Internet, are extremely closely related to the institution of intellectual property. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the level of protection of personal data of individuals in a country is an indicator of the extent to which such a state meets the criteria of freedom, democracy, and the rule of law.

Derecho de las relaciones laborales en el sector público y la cuarta regla del principio protector

El presente trabajo se centra en desarrollar la cuestión de las relaciones laborales en el sector público, y más en concreto, en la esfera del carácter tuitivo que despliega el ordenamiento jurídico uruguayo sobre el vínculo funcional entre el Estado como empleador y el funcionario público como trabajador. El enfoque que se tomará sobre la temática planteada será desde la visión de los principios generales del Derecho del Trabajo, y la postura constructiva silogística con una mirada de tertium genus entre el Derecho del Trabajo y el Derecho Administrativo para el fenómeno de las relaciones laborales en el sector público. En base a esa idea de formación y construcción común entre ambas ramas del Derecho, se intentará plantear la figura de una cuarta regla en la forma de actuación del principio protector del Derecho del Trabajo. Se buscará definir cuáles serían los impactos y alcances de la presencia de este nuevo instituto jurídico con afán tuitivo de los funcionarios públicos y aportando un nuevo elemento distintivo para seguir pensando si estamos ante una nueva rama jurídica autónoma o no.

Some Preliminary Considerations for the Legal-Economic Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility

This review article presents some preliminary considerations and describes the evolution of corporate social responsibility, which is necessary for an informed study of this “tool”. In that sense, the authors resort to a preliminary exploration of the conceptual framework of the legal-economic approach presenting social responsibility and the relationship that subsists with “property rights”, the relevance of “transaction costs”, among other aspects. They also explore the interrelation between social responsibility and its forms of legal exercise and its characterization in areas that involve linking it with workers, unions, and consumers. The aim is to highlight its importance and build a contribution where social responsibility will be studied from an analytical and empirical perspective. Thus, it is sought to conclude that the company considers implementing and complying with good corporate governance standards since they expand the shared vision of business management, effectively allocating resources to obtain the most significant benefits of establishing a corporate social responsibility regime.

Ley escrita e interpretación, según Gény

El objetivo de este artículo es comprender la relación entre la ley escrita y la interpretación en los términos propuestos por François Gény, atendiendo a la descripción del fenómeno interpretativo y los elementos de su racionalidad. Este trabajo está estrictamente referido a su obra Método de interpretación y fuentes en Derecho Privado positivo, del cual establecemos las nociones de ley, interpretación y racionalidad que desarrolló el autor, así como sus principales ideas sobre la interpretación extensiva, la analogía, las reglas lógicas y los casos en que los elementos extrínsecos a la ley escrita se pueden considerar en la práctica de la interpretación. Terminaremos este artículo considerando algunas referencias del autor al método de la libre investigación científica, como sus reflexiones sobre los límites de la interpretación disociada de la voluntad del legislador. Teniendo en cuenta que esta es una investigación teórica, cuya fuente son textos impresos, la metodología empleada ha requerido del uso de los métodos histórico-lógico y analítico sintético. Como método de análisis de contenido se ha recurrido al análisis textual de los documentos considerados en la investigación.

Ley Orgánica de Comunicación Comentada, reseña

Este trabajo contiene tanto una reseña de la obra Ley Orgánica de Comunicación comentada del doctor Juan Carlos Riofrío Martínez-Villalba, como un breve comentario a las profundas reformas hechas a esta ley en febrero de 2019. Se muestran aquí algunas luces y sombras de la reforma, siguiendo los comentarios del autor. Además se explica aquí cómo esta obra se inscribe en la colección Digesto ecuatoriano que la Corporación de Estudios y Publicaciones (CEP), junto a la Universidad de Los Hemisferios, está sacando adelante. En la primera parte hablamos sobre el autor y sobre la oportunidad de la obra. A continuación, en la parte II hablamos del objetivo de la reforma. Finalmente, en la parte III incluimos algunas conclusiones que nos ayudan a valorar la reforma y la obra comentada. Aunque sea muy positivo lo que se ha andado para reconquistar la libertad de expresión, siguiendo al autor, se echa de meno ahí la desaparición de los principios de la comunicación, que han quedado solo como estándares doctrinales en nuestro medio.