The effectiveness of intervention based on the transactional model on improving coping efforts and stress moderators in hemodialysis patients in Tehran: a randomized controlled trial

Background Present study was conducted to determine the effect of training on coping efforts and stress moderators, based on transactional model of Lazarus and Folkman, in hemodialysis patients. Methods This is a randomized controlled clinical trial on 116 hemodialysis patients referred to dialysis centers in Tehran from May to August 2018. The patients were assigned to two experimental and control groups using a simple randomization method. The intervention included 6 training sessions in the form of coping efforts and moderators of transactional model. Data were collected before and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Results After 3 months training intervention, there was significant increase in the intervention group in the mean scores of coping efforts (P < 0.001), moderators and subscales of emotional regulation from 51.18 ± 20.42 to 64.87 ± 13.18 (P < 0.001), dispositional coping style from 45.56 ± 19.45 to 55.84 ± 18.03 and social support from 49.61 ± 20.14 to 55.55 ± 17.35 (P < 0.005). Conclusion The training based on transactional model was successful in the increase of social support, dispositional coping style and emotional regulation in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, Nurses and healthcare providers can use this program to help hemodialysis patients to increase their adaptation to the illness and reduce stress. Trial registration IRCT registration number: IRCT20180524039814N1; Registration date: 13-08-2018; Registration timing: retrospectively registered: Last update: 13-08-2018.

EXPRESS: Dispositional and Situational Predictors of Coping with Violated Achievement Expectations

Most students experience expectation violations during their academic career, such as unexpected failed tests. However, contradictory evidence does not always result in expectation change (accommodation). Expectations often persist through stronger efforts to fulfil the expectation (assimilation) or ignoring the discrepancy (immunization). Our study addresses possible situational and dispositional predictors that may be decisive influences on the use of the three coping strategies. We conducted an experimental study with n = 439 students who experienced an expectation violation in an achievement test. Dispositional coping tendencies, valence of expectation violation, and the interaction of valence and degree of expectation violation were found to predict situational coping. Furthermore, higher need for cognitive closure predicted stronger accommodation, and a large degree of expectation violation predicted stronger immunization. Thus, our study provides initial evidence on which situational and dispositional factors predict coping with expectation violations in an educational context. Expectation violation in a performance context mainly resulted in stronger efforts to protect positive achievement expectations.

A Qualitative Study of the Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking Behavior for Participants in a Post-Hospitalization Smoking Cessation Trial

(1) Background: COVID-19 has substantially altered individual environments and behaviors. We aim to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the smoking behavior of individuals trying to quit tobacco. (2) Methods: This study presents a qualitative analysis of individual interviews focused on perceived impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on tobacco use among 39 participants in the Helping HAND 4 (HH4) post-hospitalization smoking cessation trial (NCT03603496). (3) Results: Emergent impacts of COVID-19 included change in routine, isolation, employment changes, and financial challenges; these in turn were associated with boredom, altered cravings and triggers, and increased stress. The availability of effective coping mechanisms instead of smoking to deal with stress heavily influenced subsequent smoking behavior. These results were triangulated with the Transactional Model of Stress, providing a framework to elucidate connections between factors such as perceived control, self-efficacy, and dispositional coping style, and highlighting potential areas for intervention. (4) Conclusions: Results suggest that stress during the COVID-19 pandemic may undermine effective coping skills among individuals enrolled in a post-hospitalization smoking cessation trial. Strengthening effective coping skills (e.g., minimizing the use of tobacco as a default stress response) and increasing perceived control and self-efficacy are promising intervention targets.

The Effectiveness of Intervention Based on the Transactional Model on Improving Coping Efforts and Stress Moderators in Hemodialysis Patients in Tehran

Background: Present study was conducted to determine the effect of training on coping efforts (CE) and stress moderators, based on transactional model of Lazarus and Folkman, in hemodialysis patients (HD). Methods: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial on 116 hemodialysis patients referred to dialysis centers in Tehran from May to August 2018. The patients were assigned to two experimental and control groups using a simple randomization method. The intervention included 6 training sessions in the form of CE and moderators of transactional model. Data were collected before and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.Results: After 3 months training intervention, there was significant increase in the intervention group in the mean scores of CE (P<0.001), moderators and subscales of emotional regulation (ER) from 51.18 ± 20.42 to 64.87 ± 13.18 (P<0.001), dispositional coping style (DCS) from 45.56± 19.45 to 55.84± 18.03 and social support (SS) from 49.61 ±20.14 to 55.55 ± 17.35 (P<0.005).Conclusion: The training based on transactional model was successful in the increase of SS, DCS and ER in (HD). Therefore, Nurses and healthcare providers can use this program to help (HD) to increase their adaptation to the illness and reduce stress.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASIC PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND DISPOSITIONAL COPING STRATEGIES IN VOLLEYBALL

Athletes' coping strategies are important factors that contribute to competitive achievement and psychological well-being. The first aim of the current study was to explore the direct and interactive effects of Five Factor personality dimensions on dispositional coping strategies. The second aim was to test the second-order factorial structure of the Dispositional Coping Inventory for Competitive Sport (DCICS). The sample included 166 female volleyball players of mean age 15.01 years (SD=.87), and mean sports experience of 4.81 years (SD=1.85). They completed the NEO-FFI inventory and DCICS. Explorative factor analyses indicated two second order solutions with high reliability coefficients: task- and emotion-oriented coping strategies. The Paired samples t-test showed that young female athletes more often apply task-oriented strategies than emotion-oriented strategies. The regression analysis showed that some Five-Factor personality dimensions independently predicted the use of higher order coping dimensions. Conscientiousness was the only positive predictor of task-oriented strategies. Neuroticism was positive and agreeableness is a negative predictor of emotion-oriented coping strategies. No interaction effects of personality dimensions on dispositional coping were founded. These findings suggest that the Five-Factor personality model can predict the coping strategies that athletes frequently use. Findings also emphasize the need for more studies aimed to investigate this complex relationship including potential moderator effects of different variables such as gender, sport experience, competitive achievement, and different sports disciplines.

Izvori stresa kod odgojiteljica predškolske djece i njihove osobine ličnosti

SUMMARY: The interaction of the personalities of teachers (including her/his disposition coping skills) and social, physical and technical environment contributes to the experience of stress at work, as well as the daily operation of teachers and the quality of their relationship with children. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of forecasting the general perceived stress and sources of stress based on criteria describing teachers' personality traits (optimism/pessimism, emotional competence, self-efficacy), seniority and variables of dispositional and situational style of coping with stress. The study included 336 preschool teachers in Split-Dalmatia County. Multiple measurement instruments were used: scale for the assessment of stressfulness, optimism-pessimism scale, general self-efficacy scale, social desirability scale, emotional competence questionnaire EUK-15, questionnaire on coping styles in stressful situations, and questionnaire on coping with stressful situations. Results show that the statistically significant predictors for two criteria, general experience of stress and interpersonal relationships as sources of stress, are work experience and dispositional coping with stress, focused on emotions. Statistically significant predictors for the criteria covering relationships with parents, children's behaviour and working conditions as sources of stress are self-efficacy and dispositional coping focused on emotions. These findings could help design and improve programs that aim to prevent stress, but also promote adoption of effective strategies for situational coping with stress, along with developing the skills of social interaction.