Risky Parental Practices and Their Implications in Adult Psychopathology

There are many ways in which an individual may fail as a parent. Most parents have good intentions, but that’s the exact reason why there’s an urgent need to clarify good parenting practices. This paper will look at risky parenting practices (e.g., guilt-inducing criticism) and their relationship with psychopathology (depression and anxiety, in this case) using socially prescribed perfectionism as a mediator. All eight mediations turned out to be statistically significant with six out of eight analyses being full mediations. Also, the relationships between the facets of perfectionism, depression, and anxiety are consistent with the findings of other studies up until this point. Considering the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and psychopathology, practical implications are discussed.

Validity of Adult Psychopathology Model Using Psychiatric Patients Sample From a Developing Country: Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Objectives: This study aimed to test and validate the two-factors measurement model of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI). Specifically, this paper reported construct, convergent and divergent validities of the internalizing-externalizing MCMI model of adult psychopathology using a psychiatric sample from a developing society, the Republic of Yemen. Methods: MCMI was distributed among 232 outpatients from the Hospital of Taiz City and two private psychiatry clinics in Yemen; data were collected using structured interviews in four months. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) was used in Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the Confirmatory Factory Analysis (CFA) to explore and confirm the latent underlying MCMI and verifying evidence of convergent and discriminate validity. Results: The CFA results indicated that MCMI was a good fit for the internalizing-externalizing model of adult psychopathology. The results of the CFA confirmed that evidence of convergent and discriminant validity characterized MCMI with the internalizing and externalizing model. Conclusion: The adult psychopathology of internalizing and externalizing is a valid model by MCMI with ten personality disorders and eight clinical syndromes. Thus, practical clinical implications are suggested.

Mediation role of alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity and emotional-mental processes between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology: a self-report study

Background There is overwhelming evidence for a strong association between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology. This study aimed to investigate the mediation roles of alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity, and emotional-mental processes in the relationship between childhood traumas and adult psychopathology. Methods The sample consisted of 337 people (78.9% female, 21.1% male) aged between 20 and 64 years. Participants filled the scales online via a Google form. Reading Mind in the Eyes (EYES), Sensory Processing Sensitivity Scale (SPS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used. PROCESS (Model 4) macro was used to examine the mediating role of sensory processing sensitivity, alexithymia, and the EYES test results in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychopathology. Results The results of mediation analysis demonstrated that sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology. However, the EYES test (mentalization) did not mediate in this relationship. Conclusion This study shows that childhood traumas may relate to more psychological symptoms in individuals with high sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia. Our study may contribute to the understanding of what may lead to a person’s vulnerability to experiencing psychological symptoms after childhood trauma. It may be crucial that future treatment and intervention programs should include sensory sensitivity and alexithymia. Sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia can be examined in the treatment of psychological problems of individuals who have experienced childhood trauma.

The centrality of temperament to the research domain criteria (RDoC): The earliest building blocks of psychopathology

The research domain criteria (RDoC) is an innovative approach designed to explore dimensions of human behavior. The aim of this approach is to move beyond the limits of psychiatric categories in the hope of aligning the identification of psychological health and dysfunction with clinical neuroscience. Despite its contributions to adult psychopathology research, RDoC undervalues ontogenetic development, which circumscribes our understanding of the etiologies, trajectories, and maintaining mechanisms of psychopathology risk. In this paper, we argue that integrating temperament research into the RDoC framework will advance our understanding of the mechanistic origins of psychopathology beginning in infancy. In illustrating this approach, we propose the incorporation of core principles of temperament theories into a new “life span considerations” subsection as one option for infusing development into the RDoC matrix. In doing so, researchers and clinicians may ultimately have the tools necessary to support emotional development and reduce a young child's likelihood of psychological dysfunction beginning in the first years of life.

Mediation role of alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity and emotional-mental processes between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology: a self-report study

Background There is overwhelming evidence for a strong association between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology. This study aims to investigate the mediation roles of alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity, and emotional-mental processes in the relationship between childhood traumas and adult psychopathology. Methods 337 people (78.9% female, 21.1% male) between the ages of 20–64 participated in this study. Participants filled the scales online via google form. Reading Mind in the Eyes (EYES), Sensory Processing Sensitivity Scale (SPS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used. SPSS Process (Model 4) was used to examine the mediating role of sensory processing sensitivity, alexithymia and the eyes test results in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychopathology. Results Sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia have been found to mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology. The eyes test (mentalization) was not found to have a mediating effect on this relationship. Conclusion This study shows that childhood traumas may relate more psychopathology in individuals with high sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia. Our study may contribute to the understanding of what may lead to a person's vulnerability to experiencing psychopathology after childhood trauma. It may be important that future treatment and intervention programs should include sensory sensitivity and alexithymia. Sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymic characteristics of individuals can be examined in the treatment of psychological problems of individuals who have experienced childhood trauma.

The Association Between Locus of Control and Psychopathology: A Cross-Cohort Comparison Between a UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) and a Japanese (Tokyo Teen Cohort) Cohort

Background: An external locus of control (externality) is associated with poorer psychopathology in individualist cultures, but associations are reported to be weaker in collectivist cultures where an external style is less maladaptive. We investigated the prospective association between externality and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) and depressive symptoms (DS) and compared the strength of associations between a UK and a Japanese cohort.Method: Cross-cultural cohort study of a UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) and a Japanese cohort (Tokyo Teen Cohort). Externality was assessed using the Children's Nowicki and Strickland Internal, External Scale and DS using the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire in both cohorts, PLE were assessed with the Psychosis-Like Experiences Questionnaire (ALSPAC), and the Adolescent Psychotic-Like Symptom Screener (TTC). Associations were investigated using multivariable regression models and bivariate regression models to compare the strength of associations.Results: Mean externality in both childhood and adolescence was higher in ALSPAC than in the TTC. Childhood externality was associated with PLE in late childhood and adolescence in both cohorts and adolescent externality was associated with PLE in young adulthood in the ALSPAC cohort. There was a more mixed pattern of association between externality and DS scores. There was little evidence of any differences in the strength of associations between externality and different psychopathologies, or between cohorts. In ALSPAC adolescent externality and early adult psychopathology were more strongly associated than childhood externality and adolescent and early adult psychopathology. There was no evidence that change in externality between childhood and adolescence was associated with new onset PLE or DS in early adulthood.Conclusion: An external locus of control is associated with poor mental health regardless of cultural context.

Translation and adaptation of adult self report: a tool for assessment of adult psychopathology

Objective: The objective of present research is to translate, adapt and validate Adult Self-Report (ASR) in to Urdu language. It also intends to establish internal consistency of subscales of ASR. Methods: The preset correlational cross sectional study was conducted during the time period of September 2017 to August 2018 at National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Employing non-probability convenience sampling technique data was collected from 768 participants, including 408 seeking treatment in psychiatric outpatient services and 360 non-clinical sample. Results: The eight syndrome model proposed earlier for ASR was tested and confirmed for Pakistani sample. The values of RMSEA (.03), CFI (.94) and TLI (.94) indicated good model fit. All items indicated good factor loadings ranging from .25 to .94. Reliability analysis indicated that all subscales were internally consistent with alpha reliabilities ranging from .64 to .92. Conclusion: Adult self-report is a comprehensive tool that shows a good model fit with Pakistani sample. It has sound psychometric properties and can be effectively used for the assessment of adult psychopathology. Keywords: Adult Self Report, Confirmatory factor Analysis, Adult Psychopathology, Achenbach system of empirically based taxonomies, Continuous...

Chronic postnatal chemogenetic activation of forebrain excitatory neurons evokes persistent changes in mood behavior

Early adversity is a risk factor for the development of adult psychopathology. Common across multiple rodent models of early adversity is increased signaling via forebrain Gq-coupled neurotransmitter receptors. We addressed whether enhanced Gq-mediated signaling in forebrain excitatory neurons during postnatal life can evoke persistent mood-related behavioral changes. Excitatory hM3Dq DREADD-mediated chemogenetic activation of forebrain excitatory neurons during postnatal life (P2–14), but not in juvenile or adult windows, increased anxiety-, despair-, and schizophrenia-like behavior in adulthood. This was accompanied by an enhanced metabolic rate of cortical and hippocampal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, we observed reduced activity and plasticity-associated marker expression, and perturbed excitatory/inhibitory currents in the hippocampus. These results indicate that Gq-signaling-mediated activation of forebrain excitatory neurons during the critical postnatal window is sufficient to program altered mood-related behavior, as well as functional changes in forebrain glutamate and GABA systems, recapitulating aspects of the consequences of early adversity.