The Fekete-Szego problem by a variational method

The article is devoted to the well-known Fekete and Szego problem. The paper investigate the problem in sufficient detail using some new observations by the classical method of internal variations, developed at the Tomsk School of Complex Analysis. One particular case is considered. We carried out complete qualitative analysis of the functional-differential equation relative boundary mapping. We completely solved the problem for the real parameter.

Quantum error correction and holographic information from bilocal holography

Bilocal holography is a constructive approach to the higher spin theory holographically dual to O(N ) vector models. In contrast to other approaches to bulk reconstruction, bilocal holography does not take input from the dual gravitational theory. The resulting map is a complete bulk/boundary mapping in that it maps the complete set of O(N ) invariant degrees of freedom in the CFT, to the complete set of higher spin degrees of freedom. After restricting to a suitable code subspace we demonstrate that bilocal holography naturally reproduces the quantum error correcting properties of holography and it gives a robust bulk (entanglement wedge) reconstruction. A gauge invariant entangled pair of CFT degrees of freedom are naturally smeared over a semicircle in the bulk spacetime, which is highly suggestive of bit threads. Finally, we argue that finite N relations in the CFT, when interpreted in the dual AdS spacetime, can provide relations between degrees of freedom located near the boundary and degrees of freedom deep in the bulk.

Combined Usage of Different Geosteering Methods and Vendor Independent Bed Boundary Mapping in Complex Geological Environment on a Real-Life Example from West Kazakhstan

Summary Drilling lateral wells nowadays is considered to be the most widely used method for producing hard-to-recover hydrocarbon reserves. Technologies used while geosteering the well are developing rapidly making high-level geosteering the key for cutting costs on drilling and enhancing well production. Due to low prices for hydrocarbons, oil companies are trying to find new, up-to-date approaches that will allow them to reduce capital and operating expenses while still enhancing the efficiency of drilling wells in target zones. One of such technology will be shown in this abstract through the example of a successfully drilled well in Akingen oilfield, Republic of Kazakhstan.

Investigating Dispute and its Effect on Real Estate Transactions: Evidence from Traditional Urban City in Nigeria

Clash of interest seems to be unavoidable in real estate matters. This could be due to the market’s complexity and the heterogeneous participants involved. The study examined the causes of dispute and its implication on real estate transactions in Akure (a traditional urban city), Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to the target respondents, which comprise disputant residents and Estate Surveyors, and Valuers. The results were analyzed with mean item score and agreement analysis. Findings are that multiple allocations of land and boundary conflicts are the significant factors causing disputes within the study area. It was also discovered that development delay and market interruptions are the substantial implication in the disputes arising from real estate transactions. The study recommends that the concerned authority on land matters should ensure proper land record-keeping. This will help put to check the problem of multiple land allocations. Also, the appropriate land boundary mapping should be done to mitigate issues arising from boundary conflicts.

Deep Learning for Detection of Visible Land Boundaries from UAV Imagery

Current efforts aim to accelerate cadastral mapping through innovative and automated approaches and can be used to both create and update cadastral maps. This research aims to automate the detection of visible land boundaries from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery using deep learning. In addition, we wanted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of programming-based deep learning compared to commercial software-based deep learning. For the first case, we used the convolutional neural network U-Net, implemented in Keras, written in Python using the TensorFlow library. For commercial software-based deep learning, we used ENVINet5. UAV imageries from different areas were used to train the U-Net model, which was performed in Google Collaboratory and tested in the study area in Odranci, Slovenia. The results were compared with the results of ENVINet5 using the same datasets. The results showed that both models achieved an overall accuracy of over 95 %. The high accuracy is due to the problem of unbalanced classes, which is usually present in boundary detection tasks. U-Net provided a recall of 0.35 and a precision of 0.68 when the threshold was set to 0.5. A threshold can be viewed as a tool for filtering predicted boundary maps and balancing recall and precision. For equitable comparison with ENVINet5, the threshold was increased. U-Net provided more balanced results, a recall of 0.65 and a precision of 0.41, compared to ENVINet5 recall of 0.84 and a precision of 0.35. Programming-based deep learning provides a more flexible yet complex approach to boundary mapping than software-based, which is rigid and does not require programming. The predicted visible land boundaries can be used both to speed up the creation of cadastral maps and to automate the revision of existing cadastral maps and define areas where updates are needed. The predicted boundaries cannot be considered final at this stage but can be used as preliminary cadastral boundaries.

Machine-driven earth exploration: Artificial intelligence in oil and gas

Artificial intelligence (AI), specifically machine learning (ML), has emerged as a powerful tool to address many of the challenges we face as we try to illuminate the earth and make the proper prediction of its content. From fault detection, to salt boundary mapping, to image resolution enhancements, the quest to teach our computing devices how to perform these tasks accurately, as well as quantify the accuracy, has become a feasible and sought-after objective. Recent advances in ML algorithms and availability of the modules to apply such algorithms enabled geoscientists to focus on potential applications of such tools. As a result, we held the virtual workshop, Artificially Intelligent Earth Exploration Workshop: Teaching the Machine How to Characterize the Subsurface, 23–26 November 2020.

Horizontal Well Drilling and Geosteering Optimization with Integrated Innovation Technologies: Case Studies from the World Largest Conglomerate Reservoir in West China

MH oilfield is a fan delta deposited unconventional tight oil reservoir with complex lithology of volcanic rocks, metamorphic rocks, conglomerate, and claystone. The drilling efficiency was optimized by using the first-generation boundary mapping technology with Rotary Steering System (RSS) during the first batch drilling campaign (H2-2016∼H1-2017), which was mentioned in IADC/SPE-190998-MS. But with the development going further, more and more wells drilled into shale interbed causing low pay zone exposure, long drilling duration, and numerous drilling hazards. The overall drilling performance was not optimistic as before, the average Rate Of Penetration (ROP) decreased by 30.7% and the average footage per run decreased by 38.9% during horizontal section operation in some specific blocks of MH oilfield. By reviewing the detailed drilling and geology material of the first batch drilling, the challenges were defined. There is lateral irregular thin shale interbed existing in this conglomeratic reservoir which is rarely observed from the nearby wells in the first batch drilling zone. That unstable shale interbed with 0.5-2m thickness isolated the target into 2 to 3 components. The first-generation boundary mapping technology can only detect the nearest up or down boundary, with this limitation, it is difficult to reveal these laterally unstable shale interbed. It is crucial to precisely delineate the irregular thin interbed to develop this complex reservoir. Meanwhile, the bit selection which didn't catch up with the formation change is another issue that needs to be optimized timely. To solve the above challenges, the new generation boundary mapping while drilling technology was introduced to this project, it has 3 or more boundaries detecting ability at the same time, which can delineate the irregular thin interbed and optimize real-time Well Placement decision making. Meanwhile, the bit design and selection based on the timely geological data interpretation helped to improve drilling efficiency. This innovative integrated method deployed in phase II horizontal well drilling campaign proved to be an effective approach to optimize geosteering and drilling performance. The clear reservoir geometry delineation effectively helps avoid entering the irregular shale interbed in real-time, thus improve the pay zone exposure and trajectory smoothness. Till 2018, more than 50 wells were completed, the overall drilling performance of 2018 has been improved by 47.2% of footage per run and 42.2% of ROP compared with statistical results of H2-2017 of the M131 block and nearly back to the normal level. In this paper, the authors will demonstrate how this integrated approach helps optimize Well Placement, enhance drilling efficiency and save budget with some exemplary case studies. With this success, the authors believe this approach and techniques could effectively address the following horizontal well drilling campaign in this unconventional tight oil reservoir.

Small-scale geological mapping on Earth: Setting up guidelines, standards and portrayal rules. Experience from pan-European projects

<p>Geological mapping and cartography on Earth encompasses principally the description of the landforms, i.e. geomorphology, the lithology and the age (stratigraphy) of the rocks found at or beneath the Earth’s surface. By interpretation of this information genetic information (process, event and environment) can be derived from the rock units encountered and often is included in geological maps, in particular in larger scale maps.</p><p>Mapping agencies and geological survey organisations everywhere have for centuries been developing their own regional or national mapping methods and representation colour sets and symbols to represent the geological information on paper and now in spatial databases and GIS.</p><p>BGR and its predecessors has been undertaking geological mapping at both large and small scales since the 19<sup>th</sup> century and through this has gained considerable mapping experience. This contribution describes the establishment of mapping rules and guidelines for three small-scale European cross-boundary mapping projects implemented through international cooperation: the IGME 5000 (pre-Quaternary) and the IQUAME (Quaternary) projects, and the EMODnet Geology seafloor work-package. The experience gained within the projects in the creation and use of standardised specifications for data models and cartographic aspects such as symbols and colours will be introduced and challenges, advantages and disadvantages  will be discussed.</p><p>All three projects include off-shore geological information; in particular these aspects of the marine mapping and cartography may be partly comparable to planetary mapping, since “even with all the technology that we have today -- satellites, buoys, underwater vehicles and ship tracks -- we have better maps of the surface of Mars and the Moon than we do the bottom of the ocean.” [Gene Feldmann, NASA, 10.08.2009].</p><p>Thus the experience and results in Earth mapping described may contribute and serve as “good practise” for the benefit of the fascinating new field of planetary mapping.</p><p> </p>

Prosody-syntax interface and prosodic phrasing in brazilian portuguese

This paper focuses on the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) prosodic phrasing and has two main goals: (1) to find a correlation between the prosodic constituents boundaries, as described by the Prosodic Hierarchy Theory (Nespor & Vogel, 2007 [1986], a.o.) and the perception and production of spontaneous and reading speech breaks, and (2) to describe the phonological characteristics and the syntactic ranking of perceived and non perceived edges. The corpus under analysis includes 5 extracts both of spontaneous and reading speech lasting about 2 minutes each. The reading speech (LE) emerged from the spontaneous speech (FE) orthographic transcription which was collected from an interview in an informal environment. In the perception test, 11 referees heard the 10 speaking extracts, without punctuation, and marked the perceived breaks in the orthographic transcription of each of them. Both the 5 speakers and the 11 referees were students at UFRJ, born in Rio de Janeiro, and were between 22 and 38 years old.The results point out that the prosodic breaks are mainly perceived at the intonational phrase (I) boundary, regardless of the speech style (FE: 91%; LE 99%). However, in LE, 64% of the foreseen I boundaries, described by the Prosodic Hierarchy Theory, were perceived as breaks, but in FE, just 37% were perceived. The most usual nuclear contour in both styles is H+L* L% (this being the Portuguese neutral declarative contour), but its occurrence frequency at perceived breaks draws a distinction between LE and FE (67% and 30%, respectively). In FE, contours like L+H* H% and L*+H H% are also produced (34%). In general, descendant nuclei in LE are predominant, as well as the edge tone L; in FE, both the descendant and ascendant nuclei distribution and low or high boundaries are similar. After running a statistic test, the appearance of an L edge, as a predictive for perception, was globally significant. Concerning the syntactic boundary, it was statistically checked and the result points out that breaks are mainly perceived at the matrix phrase limit (LE: 59%; FE: 61%,), showing the endurance of the matrix phrase edge/I boundary mapping. In general, FE has proved to have a bigger variation on the relation of predicted, perceived and produced, as it was expected, which was also confirmed by statistics. Therefore, the results show that the foreseen I phrasing is fairly robust in both styles, once only 13% of the predicted I boundaries have not been produced as so, regarding intonation. Besides, just 1,4% of the predicted phonological phrase (f) boundaries (and produced as Is) were perceived as breaks by the referees. With this study one may conclude that LE and FE share the same prosodic grammar, performed by the same type of phonological/syntactic cues; nevertheless, these are more consistent in LE and have a more disperse way in FE, adding to a greater difficulty at the systematic perception of prosodic boundaries in FE than in LE.