COMPARING ACCOUNTS OF ENGLISH WH-QUESTIONS ACQUISITION BY MONOLINGUALS AND BILINGUALS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS

The comparison of English wh-questions acquisition by monolinguals, bilinguals and EFL learners showed inter-groups similarities, which included wh-questions formulaic use, overgeneralization, non-inverted structures, archiforms, double marking of auxiliaries and past tense. The authors suggest a special role of there is/are structures in the wh-questions acquisition by EFL learners. The research results allow assuming the impact of universal factors upon the process of wh-questions acquisition irrespective of the learners’ age, onset of the bilingualism, if they acquire English as the first or the second language, or whether it is acquired in the formal or informal environment.

Social impact of extracurricular activities in terms of the universality of the benefits involved

In the field of educational management, extracurricular activities play a very important role. In most schools, pupils come from different backgrounds and in the academic environment they form a new, special community. And extra-curricular activities help the pupils to integrate into the team more easily. Creating specific skills in those activities, especially coping quickly with potential challenges, is important for pupils who feel more relaxed in such an informal environment than during class. And the high possibility of diversification that extracurricular activities entails has increased potential to bring benefits throughout the lives of current pupils. The topicality of the research derives from the fact that high school pupils must be prepared to direct their own learning and development, and extracurricular activities contribute significantly to this process. Based on this reality, the author aimed to elucidate the essence of extracurricular activities and analyze the benefits that their practice brings to the students involved, from a short and long-term perspective

Digital inclusion of businesswomen and women entrepreneurs through social networks in the informal environment

With the diffusion of Web 2.0, opportunities for collaboration, participation and training in the professional environment have widened. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of family set-up on the use of social networks by entrepreneurial women and businesswomen.Epistemologically, the study is based on the logical positivism and the hypothetical-deductive method. From a methodological point of view, this research is quantitative and presents a descriptive design.The participants in the study are woman from Extremadura and Andalucia (Spain), 477 entrepreneurs and 126 businesswomen. The forms of use of social networks by businesswomen and women entrepreneurs varies according to age-group. However, the age does not appear to have any impact on the places where social networks are used.The results lead us to believe that, in order to attain equality in the domain of digital inclusion, it is necessary to set up formal digital training to increase their digital presence and participation.

The Virtual Museum VM as a Tool for Learning Science in Informal Environment

This study aims to check if a Virtual Museum (VM) is a tool for learning science in an informal environment for lower basic grades from the perspective of parents and children. The study followed the mixed method quantitative and qualitative data collected from the main field-testing stage from the perspective of the user (children and parents) in the educational Research and Development (R & R&D) methodology, the evaluation tools used as instruments for parents, and one for parents for children with a focused interview. The parents' evaluation test yielded positive feedback, and the parents found that the VM is appropriate. The parents were similar in their opinion toward the VM to academic qualifications. The children's evaluation test yielded positive feedback. Children found that the VM is appropriate. Children's comments showed a greater interest level in learning science with technology through gaming and multimedia. They were very excited about using the VM, which helped them understand the subject content and navigate to search for scientific information.

Of the Nature of Math and Math in Nature – a Sequel About Symmetry for Children and Adults

The paper describes activities for developing the notion of symmetries. The activities were performed by a group of children between the ages of 5 and 9 and a parent of two of them. Through play and active work the group explores symmetries in sports, architecture, biology, language, music and mathematics. The activities were carried out outdoors in nature. Ideas for complementary activities with computers are presented. As a result the children demonstrate the ability to recognize symmetries in areas and situations different from the ones set in the activities they performed. This proves the main thesis of the paper: the nature of mathematics can be captured successfully in an informal environment at any age.

MODERN APPROACHES TO RAISING THE PEDAGOGICAL CULTURE OF PARENTS IN AN INFORMAL ENVIRONMENT

This article analyzes and summarizes the results of a study conducted through a survey of parents and interviews with teachers interacting with each other through innovative forms (trainings, team building, workshops) in an informal environment and sought a correlation with the quality of student-parent-teacher communication, in terms of online learning. The researched innovative solutions and activities are presented to the future pedagogues in order to improve the pedagogical preparation of the pedagogical students from the Faculty of Pedagogy of Sofia University „St. Kliment Ohridski “and their motivation for the realization of fully- fledged relationships, a two-way relationship with parents as a major factor in increasing the effectiveness of the educational process.

DISKRIMINATIF GENDER DALAM LINGKUNGAN KERJA

Gender is the differentiation of roles, functions, and responsibilities between women and men resulting from socio-cultural construction and can change according to the times. This paper discusses the main issues of gender from the perspective of human rights and gender equality education in Indonesia. Gender is a gender difference that is not caused by biological differences and not God's nature but was created by both men and women through a long socio-cultural process. Several factors influence that inequality, including the marginalization of women in the public or domestic domain. Woman's subordination in social or cultural aspects also affects discrimination. Labeling (stereotyping) to women and lower education levels also affects women's work participation. As a consequence, many women choose work activity in an informal environment with very low wages and without health, law, and financial security

Prosody-syntax interface and prosodic phrasing in brazilian portuguese

This paper focuses on the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) prosodic phrasing and has two main goals: (1) to find a correlation between the prosodic constituents boundaries, as described by the Prosodic Hierarchy Theory (Nespor & Vogel, 2007 [1986], a.o.) and the perception and production of spontaneous and reading speech breaks, and (2) to describe the phonological characteristics and the syntactic ranking of perceived and non perceived edges. The corpus under analysis includes 5 extracts both of spontaneous and reading speech lasting about 2 minutes each. The reading speech (LE) emerged from the spontaneous speech (FE) orthographic transcription which was collected from an interview in an informal environment. In the perception test, 11 referees heard the 10 speaking extracts, without punctuation, and marked the perceived breaks in the orthographic transcription of each of them. Both the 5 speakers and the 11 referees were students at UFRJ, born in Rio de Janeiro, and were between 22 and 38 years old.The results point out that the prosodic breaks are mainly perceived at the intonational phrase (I) boundary, regardless of the speech style (FE: 91%; LE 99%). However, in LE, 64% of the foreseen I boundaries, described by the Prosodic Hierarchy Theory, were perceived as breaks, but in FE, just 37% were perceived. The most usual nuclear contour in both styles is H+L* L% (this being the Portuguese neutral declarative contour), but its occurrence frequency at perceived breaks draws a distinction between LE and FE (67% and 30%, respectively). In FE, contours like L+H* H% and L*+H H% are also produced (34%). In general, descendant nuclei in LE are predominant, as well as the edge tone L; in FE, both the descendant and ascendant nuclei distribution and low or high boundaries are similar. After running a statistic test, the appearance of an L edge, as a predictive for perception, was globally significant. Concerning the syntactic boundary, it was statistically checked and the result points out that breaks are mainly perceived at the matrix phrase limit (LE: 59%; FE: 61%,), showing the endurance of the matrix phrase edge/I boundary mapping. In general, FE has proved to have a bigger variation on the relation of predicted, perceived and produced, as it was expected, which was also confirmed by statistics. Therefore, the results show that the foreseen I phrasing is fairly robust in both styles, once only 13% of the predicted I boundaries have not been produced as so, regarding intonation. Besides, just 1,4% of the predicted phonological phrase (f) boundaries (and produced as Is) were perceived as breaks by the referees. With this study one may conclude that LE and FE share the same prosodic grammar, performed by the same type of phonological/syntactic cues; nevertheless, these are more consistent in LE and have a more disperse way in FE, adding to a greater difficulty at the systematic perception of prosodic boundaries in FE than in LE.

The plight of female agricultural wageworkers in Morocco during the COVID-19 pandemic

While vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 were launched worldwide, a drama has been unfolding in the Moroccan countryside. It has been marked, over the last couple of decades, by rapid agrarian transformation, manifestations of which have included expanding irrigation frontiers and the increasing growth of high-value crops. These dynamics rely strongly on female agricultural wageworkers. Although they earn low wages, their income is crucial and is used to care for loved ones by paying for school fees, rent, electricity, and medicines. These workers, therefore, cannot afford to quit their jobs. However, most female wageworkers in Morocco are employed without a contract or social security cover. While working in an informal environment and living already in a precarious situation, little is known about how the pandemic has affected them. In this article, we seek to supply some of this information by drawing on the authors’ commitment over almost a decade of covering female wage-workers’ experiences in different agricultural regions in Morocco. Additionally, since March 2020, we have conducted 30 phone interviews with female laborers and farmers in the Saiss and in the coastal area of the Gharb and Loukkos. Using the pandemic as a focus, our results illustrate the inherent contradictions upon which Morocco’s agricultural boom has been founded. Although many female laborers are de facto heads of household or contribute in fundamental ways to the household income, they continue to be considered as secondary earners or as housewives, leading to low structural wages. Moreover, these women assume the prime responsibility for all domestic tasks, which are not economically recognized or valued. Consequently, they face new challenges in addition to their already precarious situations. Reduced work opportunities and limited state support have led to financial and psychological hardship which jeopardize their own and their family’s survival.

The Study Of “Do” Auxiliary Produced by Indonesian Students Non-English Department

“Do” is one of the very important elements in English sentence. The Students learning English often make mistakes regarding the usage of this element, although English has been learnt for more than 6 years. This research intends to study about the inter language variations produced by English learners, who are learning English as one of the required subjects. Besides the researcher has tried to describe about factors, which give both negative and positive contributions to the participants in acquiring “do” auxiliary. After analyzing and discussing all of the collected data, the conclusions are written as follows: First, the inter language variations are Missing “do” auxiliary, which is appeared only in spontaneous data and missing “did” found in Recognition test. There are problems with subject-verb-agreement, “do” is replaced by “does” or vice versa. Another tendency is also the interchangeably use between “do” and “be”, and “do” and “did”. Second, it appears that L1 and L2 gives negative influences to the participants in their progress acquiring English. The complexity of English rules makes them unable to apply the correct rules for example by applying a trend to over-generalize the English rule. Third, the input from their informal environment including social media, movies, E-book, online games and English songs gives positive contribution to the participants in acquiring “do” auxiliary. Besides memorization and imitation play good role for this case.