International Security: Current Situation and Ways of Improvement Legal Regulation

The issue of security is a fundamental aspect in the maintenance of international relations, and such relations cannot be upheld without concrete laws and credible policies underlying the international scene. It is really essential and appropriate in setting strong international security on the international level. With all these in place, ensuring this international security has been a difficult task by actors on the international scene due to the multifacet of the various legal regimes with the diversified policy set up making the objective of international security a laughable phenomenon. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristic features of the current state of the international security system, based on current situations in a particular region of the world, as well as to establish the relationship between various elements of international security. This great plague attacking international security has been of great questioning too many of the international scene as to what importance will security be necessary when it cannot be respected by those who claim in ensuring international peace and security? In answering this question, it will be appropriate for us in adopting empirical research to examine the various hurdles which can jeopardise international security. From the above outcome experience, one can say with any fear of contraction that the notion of international security is more of procrastination than a plausible redress. It is against this backdrop that we think much still need to be done in ensuring a place occupied by concrete international security, respected by all without violations. Keywords: international security, ways of improvement, international cooperation, effective interaction, sturdy policy. Keamanan Internasional: Situasi Saat Ini dan Cara Perbaikan Regulasi Hukum Abstrak Isu keamanan merupakan aspek fundamental dalam pemeliharaan hubungan internasional, dan hubungan semacam itu tidak dapat ditegakkan tanpa undang-undang yang konkrit dan kebijakan yang kredibel yang mendasari kancah internasional. Hal ini sangat penting dan tepat dalam menetapkan keamanan internasional yang kuat di tingkat internasional. Dengan semua ini, memastikan keamanan internasional ini telah menjadi tugas yang sulit oleh para aktor di kancah internasional karena multifaset dari berbagai rezim hukum dengan kebijakan yang beragam membuat tujuan keamanan internasional menjadi fenomena yang menggelikan. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk menentukan fitur karakteristik dari keadaan sistem keamanan internasional saat ini, berdasarkan situasi saat ini di wilayah tertentu di dunia, serta untuk menetapkan hubungan antara berbagai elemen keamanan internasional. Wabah besar yang menyerang keamanan internasional ini telah menjadi pertanyaan besar bagi banyak orang di kancah internasional tentang pentingnya keamanan apa yang diperlukan ketika keamanan tidak dapat dihormati oleh mereka yang mengklaim dalam menjamin perdamaian dan keamanan internasional? Dalam menjawab pertanyaan ini, sudah sepantasnya kita mengadopsi penelitian empiris untuk mengkaji berbagai rintangan yang dapat membahayakan keamanan internasional. Dari pengalaman hasil di atas, orang dapat mengatakan dengan ketakutan akan kontraksi bahwa gagasan keamanan internasional lebih merupakan penundaan daripada ganti rugi yang masuk akal. Dengan latar belakang inilah kami pikir masih banyak yang perlu dilakukan untuk memastikan tempat yang ditempati oleh keamanan internasional yang nyata, dihormati oleh semua tanpa pelanggaran. Kata Kunci: keamanan internasional, cara peningkatan, kerjasama internasional, interaksi efektif, kebijakan kokoh Международная безопасность: текущее состояние и пути совершенствования правового регулирования Аннотация Целью статьи является определение характерных черт современного состояния системы международной безопасности с учетом текущей ситуации в конкретном регионе мира, а также установление взаимосвязи между различными элементами международной безопасности. Государства выдвигают разные, иногда противоречивые предложения по совершенствованию системы международной безопасности, поскольку страны имеют разные возможности для реализации реальных мер по реформированию международной безопасности. Считается, что несколько самых влиятельных стран мира играют основную роль в формировании так называемой «повестки дня» в международной политике, в том числе в сфере безопасности. Их влияние основано на различных сферах общественной жизни. Развитые демократии Западной Европы и Северной Америки оказывают значительное влияние на международно-правовые отношения благодаря своему экономическому, культурному и политическому влиянию. В свою очередь, Россия и Китай в значительной степени повлияли на международную политику через ультиматумы и угрозы из-за своих собственных вооруженных сил, которые по-прежнему остаются если не лучшими, то одними из крупнейших в мире. Особое внимание обращается на тот факт, что Украина в связи с вышеуказанными обстоятельствами должна следовать курсу сближения с развитыми демократиями, чтобы добиться успеха. С учетом проведенного исследования авторами представлены предложения по совершенствованию правового регулирования международной безопасности. Ключевые слова: международная безопасность, защита интересов, международное сотрудничество, противодействие угрозам.

Health Policies Formulation in Pakistan: An Analysis

Objective: A reviewing study of the health policy planning and formulation was initiated which explored the procedure of formulation of health policy and its implementation in Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to learn the procedure of health policy formulation and its implementation and to observe the issues in health system in Pakistan. Methodology: This study on health policy formulation was exploratory in nature. The research design was qualitative. The data was collected through secondary sources which includes research articles published in various journals and available on online sites. Moreover, data was also collected through books written on public policy by some foreign and local authors. Findings: The findings indicates that the planning and policy formation of the health sector in Pakistan is capable at the preparation level but not at the execution level. Implications: This paper recommends overcoming the health-related problems in Pakistan through formulation and implementation of sound, assertive and credible policies.

Credibility and Reform of Financial Institution Regulation

There is heightened interest in reforming government regulation of financial institutions to make better use of market discipline and data. We strongly support such reforms, which are being implemented to some degree by the Federal Reserve System. However, market oriented reforms will not work unless government policies are credible in putting market participants, especially those at the largest financial institutions, at risk of loss. Establishing credible policies requires that governments address the time-consistency problem head-on. As a result, we recommend policies that establish credibility by directly reducing the incentive that policy-makers have to protect the creditors of financial institutions. Other policies, which do not address the fundamental reasons why policy-makers bail out creditors, are therefore likely to be circumvented when large banks get into trouble.

The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe

Most formal international human rights regimes establish international committees and courts that hold governments accountable to their own citizens for purely internal activities. Why would governments establish arrangements so invasive of domestic sovereignty? Two views dominate the literature. “Realist” theories assert that the most powerful democracies coerce or entice weaker countries to accept norms; “ideational” theories maintain that transnational processes of diffusion and persuasion socialize less-democratic governments to accept norms. Drawing on theories of rational delegation, I propose and test a third “republican liberal” view: Governments delegate self-interestedly to combat future threats to domestic democratic governance. Thus it is not mature and powerful democracies, but new and less-established democracies that will most strongly favor mandatory and enforceable human rights obligations. I test this proposition in the case of the European Convention on Human Rights—the most successful system of formal international human rights guarantees in the world today. The historical record of its founding—national positions, negotiating tactics, and confidential deliberations—confirms the republican liberal explanation. My claim that governments will sacrifice sovereignty to international regimes in order to dampen domestic political uncertainty and “lock in” more credible policies is then generalized theoretically and applied to other human rights regimes, coordination of conservative reaction, and international trade and monetary policy.

The Success of Pohang Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. (POSCO): Perfecting Internal and External Incentive

We examine POSCO's success based on the internal and external managerial incentive structure. By internal incentive, we mean institutional foundation under which the interaction between the principal (the government) and the agents (the managers) takes place. This involves examining the political economy of state intervention and how the state employed credible policies intended to end 'politicized' relationship with state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Extrnal incentive structure relates to various exogenous market forces that discipline managers and owners in terms of corporate performance. Combined, they determine the extent to which SOEs face 'hardened budget constraints' and in the case of POSCO, the state was able to enforce credible policies that hardened the budget constraint.