Colonisation by native shrubby species enhances the carbon storage capacity of exotic mangrove monocultures

Background：The exotic Sonneratia apetala and native Kandelia obovata have been widely planted in mangrove afforestation and reforestation programmes in China. However, their capacity for carbon sequestration is still controversial.Results: The total vegetation biomass was highest in K. obovata monoculture, followed by the mixed forest and lowest in S. apetala monoculture. This difference is attributed to the difference in stem density. This trend also applies to total vegetation and soil organic carbon storages.Conclusions: Contrary to the original expectation, shrubby native K. obovata may be preferred to exotic S. apetala for mangrove reforestation/afforestation. It is recommended the carbon storage capacity of the existing S. apetala plantation may be enhanced by introducing native mangrove species. As a rehabilitation option, the establishment of mixed plantations with different stem densities could improve the capacity for carbon storage of mono-specific plantations of exotic species.

PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP MAKROZOOBENTOS DI KAWASAN REBOISASI MANGROVE KEPULAUAN SERIBU, INDONESIA

Fauna bentik (makrozoobentos) telah dianggap sebagai salah satu kriteria untuk menilai keberhasilan program restorasi mangrove. Kajian korelasi karakteristik lingkungan terhadap makrozoobentos di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan Seribu telah dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2014. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh yang diakibatkan oleh karakteristik lingkungan (parameter fisika kimia perairan) terhadap kepadatan makrozoobentosnya. Data biota makrozoobentos di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan seribu dikumpulkan dengan membuat transek garis dan plot yang ditarik dari titik acuan (tegakan mangrove terluar) dan tegak lurus garis pantai sampai ke daratan, dimana pengamatan dilakukan di tiga stasiun (pulau). Sebanyak 6 famili dan 6 spesies makrozoobentos telah ditemukan di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan Seribu. Komposisi dan kepadatan spesies tertingginya adalah Littoraria scabra. Karakteristik lingkungan yang diukur tidak begitu berbeda antar stasiun serta juga tidak melebihi ambang batas baku mutu. Semakin rendah konsentrasi salinitas dan DO, maka kepadatan makrozoobentosnya semakin tinggi, sedangkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi pH perairan, maka kepadatan makrozoobentosnya semakin menurun. Kemudian parameter suhu dengan kepadatan makrozoobentos tidak memiliki pengaruh.THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAKROZOOBENTOS IN MANGROVE REFORESTATION AREA OF SERIBU ISLANDS, INDONESIA. Benthic fauna (macrozoobenthos) has been considered as one of the criteria for assessing the success of a mangrove restoration program. A correlation study of environmental characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the Seribu Islands mangrove reforestation area was carried out in March 2014. It aims to determine the effect caused by environmental characteristics (water physical-chemical parameters) on its macrozoobenthos density. Data of macrozoobenthos biota in the Seribu Islands mangrove reforestation area were collected by making line transects and plots drawn from the reference point (outermost mangrove stands) and perpendicular to the coastline to the mainland, where observations were made at three stations (islands). Six families and six macrozoobenthos species have been found in the Seribu Islands mangrove reforestation area. The composition and density of the highest species were Littoraria scabra. The measured environmental characteristics were not very different between stations and also did not exceed the quality standard threshold. The lower the salinity and DO concentration, the higher the density of macrozoobenthos, while the higher the concentration of water pH, the lower the density of macrozoobenthos. Then the temperature parameters with macrozoobenthos density had no effect.

Komunitas fauna makrozoobentos di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan Seribu: faktor lingkungan, distribusi, ekologi komunitas, pola sebaran dan hubungannya

AbstrakMangrove sangat penting bagi kehidupan biota pesisir dan laut, dimana telah mengalami kerusakan dan juga telah dilakukan rehabilitasi. Kajian komunitas fauna makrozoobentos di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan Seribu berdasarkan faktor lingkungan, distribusi, ekologi komunitas, pola sebaran dan hubungannya telah dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2014. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor lingkungan, distribusi, ekologi komunitas, pola sebaran serta hubungannya. Faktor lingkungan diukur secara in situ, sedangkan fauna makrozoobentosnya dikumpulkan dengan transek garis dan plot. Kemudian ekologi komunitas fauna makrozoobentosnya dilihat berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman, dominansi maupun keseragaman, sedangkan pola penyebarannya dianalisis dengan indeks morisita serta hubungan antara faktor lingkungan, ekologi komunitas dan pola penyebarannya dianalisis menggunakan regresi linier sederhana. Faktor lingkungan yang diukur tidak begitu berbeda dan juga tidak melebihi baku mutu. Sebanyak 6 spesies dengan 3 kelompok fauna makrozoobentos telah ditemukan di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan Seribu. Kemudian indeks keanekaragaman maupun keseragamannya tergolong rendah, dominansinya tergolong tinggi dan pola penyebarannya tergolong seragam (uniform). Selain itu, hubungan antara faktor lingkungan (suhu, salinitas dan DO perairan) dengan indeks keanekaragaman maupun keseragaman berkorelasi positif, sedangkan hubungan antara faktor lingkungan dengan indeks dominansinya berkorelasi negatif. Kemudian korelasi antara faktor lingkungan dengan pola penyebaran berkorelasi positif (membentuk kelompok) dan korelasi antara ekologi komunitas (keanekaragaman dan keseragaman) dengan pola penyebarannya juga berkorelasi positif serta membentuk kelompok.Kata kunci: fauna makrozoobentos; reboisasi mangrove; faktor lingkungan; distribusi; ekologi komunitas; pola sebaran; Kepulauan SeribuAbstractMangrove ecosystems are essential for the life of coastal and marine biota, which have been damaged and have been reforested. Study macrozoobenthos fauna community in mangrove reforestation area of Kepulauan Seribu was conducted in March 2014. This aimed to assess the relationship between environmental factors, distribution, ecology, and distribution patterns of the macrozoobenthos fauna community. The environmental factors were measured in situ, and macrozoobenthos was collected using line and plot transect. The ecology of macrozoobenthos fauna was analyzed based on diversity, uniformity, and dominance index. Distribution patterns were analyzed using Morisita index, and their relationships were analyzed using linear regression. Six species from 3 groups were found in this area. Diversity and uniformity index was classified low, dominance index was high, and the distribution patterns were relatively uniform. In addition, the relationship between the environmental factors (temperature, salinity, and DO) with diversity and uniformity index were positively correlated, and relationship between the environmental factors with dominance index were negatively correlated. The correlation between environmental factors with distribution patterns were positive (form groups), and the correlation between community ecology with distribution patterns were positive.Keywords: community ecology; distribution; Kepulauan Seribu; mangrove reforestation; macrozoobenthos fauna

Pengujian dan Penentuan Spesies Gastropoda sebagai Bioindikator di Kawasan Reboisasi Mangrove Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia

The development of coastal zones throughout the world has resulted in changes in the order of the mangrove ecosystem, therefore, planting activities are carried out in various regions. The study of the testing and determination of gastropod species as bioindicators in the mangrove reforestation area was carried out in the Seribu Islands. This research aims to determine how suitable the gastropod species are used as bioindicators in assessing the success of mangrove reforestation, especially in the Seribu Islands. Collection of gastropod species is done by making line transects and plots drawn from the reference point (outermost mangrove stands) and perpendicular to the coastline to the mainland. Line transects are made of plots of size 10 x 10 m and in the size of 10 x 10 m a small plot of 1 x 1 m is made. Furthermore, testing is carried out with several criteria and analyzed using multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistics. The results of the study show that the species Littoraria scabra has met all the specified testing criteria. Then L. scabra also has the highest eigenvalue compared to the other species, making it suitable to be used as a bioindicator species in assessing the success of the Seribu Islands mangrove reforestation.

Correlation of environmental factors and spatial distribution of moluscs communities in mangrove reboisation areas of Seribu Islands, Indonesia

Mangrove reforestation is often carried out in various regions or regions, but information about the relationship of environmental factors and the distribution of fauna associations is still very minimal. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) study on the correlation of environmental factors and the spatial distribution of the molusks community in the Seribu Islands mangrove reforestation area was conducted in March 2014 with the aim of analyzing environmental factors for the diversity and presence of the molusks. Environmental factors are measured insecurely, while the moluccan community is collected by making line transects and plots measuring 10 x 10 m2 and in the size of 10 x 10 m2, a small plot of 1 x 1 m2 is made. The results of the study show that environmental factors are not so different between stations and do not exceed the quality standard for the lives of 4 species of mollusks, where the parameters of aquatic pH are the environmental factors that most influence their distribution.Keywords: environmental factors, distribution, mollusks community, mangrove reforestation, Seribu Islands

Karakteristik Lingkungan dan Kondisi Fauna Makrobentik Di Kawasan Reboisasi Mangrove Pulau Pramuka, Panggang, dan Karya, Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia [Environmental Characteristics and Conditions of Macrobentic Fauna in the Mangrove Reforestation Area of Pramuka, Panggang, and Karya Island, Seribu Islands, Indonesia]

AbstrakKajian karakteristik lingkungan dan kondisi fauna makrobentik di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Pulau Pramuka, Panggang dan Karya, Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu telah dilakukan pada bulan April 2014. Kajian ini bertujuan sebagai data dasar dalam pengelolaan mangrove di Indonesia khsususnya pasca penanaman mangrove. Pengukuran karakteristik lingkungan dilakukan dengan cara insitu, sedangkan pengumpulan fauna makrobentik dengan membuat transek garis dan plot yang ditarik dari titik acuan (tegakan mangrove terluar) dan tegak lurus garis pantai sampai ke daratan. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa karakteristik lingkungan yang diukur tidak begitu berbeda antar stasiun dan juga tidak melebihi baku mutu untuk kehidupan biota laut. Sebanyak 6 spesies fauna makrobentik telah ditemukan dengan kepadatan yang bervariasi. Kepadatan tertingginya berada di Stasiun 3 (05.00 ind/m2) dan terendahnya di Stasiun 1 (02.00 ind/m2). Selain itu, fauna makrobentik Atilia (Columbella) scripta, Metopograpsus latifrons, Littoraria scabra, Saccostrea cucculata dan Cardisoma carnifex berasosiasi atau berkaitan erat dengan stasiun yang bersubstrat lanau maupun pasir. Selanjutnya parameter kualitas air yang paling menentukan distribusi dan kepadatan fauna makrobentik di kawasan reboisasi mangrove Pulau Pramuka, Panggang, dan Karya, Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu adalah pH. AbstractThe study of the environmental characteristics and conditions of macrobenthic fauna in the mangrove reforestation area of Pramuka, Panggang, Karya, and the Seribu Islands was carried out in April 2014. This study aims at the basic data in mangrove management in Indonesia, especially after mangrove planting. Measurement of environmental characteristics is carried out by in-situ methods while collecting macrobenthic fauna by making line transects and plots drawn from the reference point (outermost mangrove stands) and perpendicular to the coastline to the mainland. The results of the study show that the measured environmental characteristics are not very different between stations and also do not exceed the quality standards for marine life. A total of 6 macrobenthic fauna species have been found with varying densities. The highest density is at Station 3 (05.00 ind/m2) and the lowest is at Station 1 (02.00 ind/m2). In addition, the macrobenthic fauna Atilic (Columbella) scripta, Metopograpsus latifrons, Littoraria scabra, Saccostrea cucculata and Cardisoma carnifex are associated or closely related to silt or sand substrates. Furthermore, the water quality parameters that most determine the distribution and density of macrobenthic fauna in the mangrove reforestation area of Pulau Pramuka, Panggang and Karya Seribu Islands District are pH.