Odpowiedź moim krytykom

In the book The Structure of Relativistic and Quantum Revolutions in Physics, I presented the anti-Kuhnian and anti-Lakatosian model of scientific revolutions. Following Fleck, I assume that scientists’ ways of perceiving phenomena and thinking about them are conditioned by the thought style acquired in the process of being introduced to the profession. So how could it happen that scientists at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries began to think differently than they had been taught to think? My answer is that both revolutions were made by three generations of theorists. In the first generation (Maxwell; Boltzmann), the acquired knowledge and new experimental results led to conclusions that made the theoretical system inconsistent. Scientists of the second generation (Lorentz, Larmor, Poincaré; Planck, Einstein, Bohr) tried to apply these new conclusions together with old knowledge, and it was found that it was impossible to do it fully. Nevertheless, they obtained a number of new results. In the third generation (Einstein; Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac and others), new conclusions began to be applied as standalone. If one were to use the Lakatosian language, some fragments of the protective belt of the old research program broke off as the cores of the new programs. In this article, I answer the objections that several outstanding philosophers of science have made against my model.

Neighborhood micro-renewal: a perspective of gene in China

PurposeImprovement of the environment quality and human development has become the main focus of modern urban development. Micro-renewal is a relatively people-oriented model of urban transformation compared with traditional renewal modes. To improve the theoretical system of neighborhood micro-renewal from a microcosmic perspective, a comprehensive analysis of neighborhood residents' cognition is needed. The purpose of the study is to explore the possibilities and methods of applying gene theory into the study of neighborhood micro-renewal.Design/methodology/approachAccording to the meme theory, the research explores the genetic analysis of neighborhood micro-renewal. The cross-over studies with “gene theory” from natural science to social science are analyzed and the neighborhood micro-renewal system was constructed from the perspective of micro-participants and micro-objects. Moreover, the concept of neighborhood “micro-renewal gene” was put forward. Finally, the authors show three application scenarios of public participation with a specific neighborhood micro-renewal project.FindingsThe cross research on urban studies with gene theory could be divided into three scales and four research fields. The characteristics of carrying out neighborhood micro-renewal in China could be summarized as micro-participants and micro-objects. Residents' cognition could be considered as “micro-renewal gene” in refer to meme theory. The application scenarios of introducing “micro-renewal gene” into the study of neighborhood renewal are of great potentialities.Originality/valueNeighborhood micro-renewal system was constructed from the perspective of micro-participants and micro-objects. Moreover, neighborhood “micro-renewal gene” was proposed and applied into the study of this system in refer to meme theory.

Obtainment of Lignocellulose Degradation Microbial Community: The Effect of Acid-Base Combination After Restrictive Enrichment

Acid-base combination is used in some cases expecially after restricted enrichment, and has created many lignocellulose-degrading communities. While how it worked is not well understood. In this study, compost was used as inoculum source. Induced community structure changes were analyzed with high throughput sequencing to elucidate the formation processes and determine the mechanisms of acid-base combination. We found that after restricted enrichment, retaining primarily bacteria not only included that could decompose and utilize lignocellulose, such as Clostridium and Pseudomonas, but also synergistic microbiota such as Pseudoxanomonas and Alkalobacillaceae. When the proportion of these two types of bacteria was not balanced, the degradation ability of the microbial community was low or pH changes of it did not compound regular changes , which maybe lead to the failure of restricted enrichment. Microbial communities were re-constituted by acid-base combination, whereby the degrading and synergistic strains were adjusted to a more appropriate proportion. Acid-base combination fixed the instability of microbial communities caused by randomness of restrictive screening enrichment. In this study, the mechanism of acid-base combination was analyzed, which enriched the theoretical system of restricted culture, and provided an effective and controllable technical method for obtaining high-quality lignocellulose-degrading microbial community resources.

Multidimensional Analysis on the Construction of Inner-Party Supervision System

In the new era, it is necessary to build a comprehensive, authoritative and efficient supervision system. We will further develop the basic theoretical system of the party's internal supervision, explore specific ways to improve its supervision ability and quality, and thoroughly study and implement the important spirit of the 19th national people's Congress. The key to the construction of the operation mechanism system of the party's internal supervision lies in taking Marxism and the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics as the "point" and the historical experience and practical application of the party's internal supervision as the "line". In the process of the research on the combination of point and line, the basic contents of the theory of the party's internal supervision and operation organization in the new era are more specific. When encountering new situations and problems, we carefully analyze and solve them. In the process of practice, effective experience is screened out to realize the link between the theoretical system and the construction of the system model.

Some thoughts on establishing the theoretical system of socialist political economics with Chinese characteristics

PurposeIt is scholars' great mission in this era to creatively develop new implications, paradigms and discourses of China's political economy and establish a theoretical system of political economy with Chinese characteristics based on the fundamental principles of Marxist theory and the practice and historical process of Chinese economic reform, through theorizing and systemizing the practices of China's socialist market economy construction. The purpose of this paper is to give some suggestions to establish a socialist theoretical system with Chinese characteristics.Design/methodology/approachThis paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the principles, objectives, study objects, methodologies as well as the framework of the theoretical system of the political economy with Chinese characteristics.FindingsAdditionally, starting from the unity of opposites between public ownership of resources and resource allocation in a market mechanism, which is the fundamental dialectical relation of China's socialist market economy, the authors will adopt the dual dialectical analysis approach to discover and understand the duality features of the socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics.Originality/valueWith adherence to the mission of China's socialist economic system, the goal of China's market economic reform, and the perspectives of Marxist political economy, the authors must explicitly define the so-called Chinese characteristics and then summarize the dynamics and innovations during the evolution of Chinese socialist political economy with high theory confidence and theory self-consciousness.

Study on the Theoretical System Construction and Role of Physical Education Based on Sports Social Psychology

Objectives: With the popularity of the national fitness program, sports theory has gradually become the focus of academic research. However, because of the behavior of the object and the complexity of the psychological, it is difficult to build a relatively perfect theoretical system. Based on this, in this paper, the theoretical application of social psychology in sports and the construction principles of sports theory system under sports social psychology were analyzed in detail. Methods: In order to verify the practical application of the theoretical system of sports in social psychology, physical education teaching system was regarded as a practical case. From the perspective of social psychology, role theory, physical education in the conflict and the root causes of physical education and psychological interaction and other content were studied, Results: the results show that the traditional sports teaching theory is not suitable for the development of the current students, and the new PE teaching system from the perspective of social psychology can better tap the potential of students. Conclusion: To sum up, the research in this paper can promote the development of sports in China and provide theoretical and technical support for physical education.

The Same Drift Monodiameter Completion System in Solving Drilling and Well Infrastructure Challenges

The public domain contains many work efforts that document the advantages of expandable drilling and completions systems within the industry (Filippov 1999, Lohoefer 2000). The ability to place a solid steel liner or patch into a well and transform it by cold working to a larger diameter provides an opportunity to drill deeper while maintaining sufficient wellbore diameter. The use of expandable technology has led to the development of a formable and retractable-segmented cone. The cone supports an expandable system capable of passing through the drift of a base casing that can then result in an expansion providing the equivalent drift diameter. The technology allows the placement of additional liner points in a well that can extend liner lengths as well as isolate sections of open hole that were previously impossible to isolate due to wellbore geometry restriction. There are no limitations on the number of open hole patches installed in a given well which are helpful when wells experience multiple drilling hazards. Each patch can pass through a previously installed patch. The idea of monodiameter expandable liners began in the early 2000s (Dupal 2002, Dean 2003). This paper presents the technical challenges, solutions, and testing of a novel monodiameter system that expands 11-3/4 in. 47 lb/ft pipe which can result in a post-expansion drift diameter of 12-1/4 in. Finite element analysis helped transform the concept from the theoretical system to field execution. The work efforts show the successful testing of the monobore system at surface, and the resulting field trials demonstrate the ability of the technology to fulfil the installation objectives. In addition, the success of the methodology has led to the development of additional monobore system sizes.

A Study on the Application of Interactive English-Teaching Mode under Complex Data Analysis

This research takes vocabulary learning in college English courses as an entry point and investigates the interrelationship between college students and electronic media, the presentation of interactive English-teaching content in college English, and the effect of different English-teaching modes on the effect of vocabulary learning through empirical methods in the form of network multimedia. This study provides ideas for an in-depth understanding of the incongruities that exist between interactive English teaching and environment, teacher and environment, and students and environment in the network multimedia environment and also brings thoughts on how to adapt interactive English teaching in college English to the development of modern information technology on the concept of interactive English teaching, interactive English-teaching methods, and interactive English-teaching modes. The concepts related to the adaptation of interactive English teaching based on multimedia, the compilation of the scale of adaptation of interactive English teaching based on multimedia and its influencing factors, and the construction of the model of influencing factors of adaptation of interactive English teaching based on multimedia, to a certain extent, enrich the theoretical system of learning adaptation. The design of the intervention model of adaptation of interactive English teaching based on multimedia broadens the intervention theory of learning adaptation; the study is also aimed at developing a multimedia-based interactive English-teaching adaptation intervention model and broadening the theory and method of learning adaptation.