The Open Future, Classical Style

In this chapter, the author defends his view against the core complaint that it invalidates what has been called “Will Excluded Middle” (either it will be that p or it will be that ~p), and an associated principle that has recently been called “Scopelessness”. According to scopelessness, will is “scopeless” with respect to negation; there is no semantic distinction between ~Willp and Will~p. In this chapter, it is argued that the data that seems to support scopelessness is adequately explained by the thesis that will is “neg-raising predicate”. In normal contexts, “No one should do that” certainly pragmatically implies “Everyone shouldn’t do that”—but the former sentence does not semantically entail the latter; this is, in part, to say that should is a neg-raiser. In general, the author defends the crucial scope distinction between ~Willp and Will~p, and responds to several objections to this view.

Generics as default? Comparing the acquisition of universals and generics in Spanish

This paper reports an experiment that investigates interpretive distinctionsbetween two different expressions of generalization in Spanish. In particular, our aimwas to find out when the distinction between generic statements (GS) such as Tigershave stripes and universal quantified statements (UQS) such as All tigers have stripeswas acquired in Spanish-speaking children of two different age groups (4/5-year-oldsand 8/9-year-olds), and then compare these results with adults. The starting point ofthis research was the semantic distinction between GS and UQS in that the formeradmits exceptions, unlike the latter. On the other hand, cognitive psychologists haveobserved a Generic overgeneralization effect (GOG) consisting in allowing for UQSto be felicitous in the face of exceptions, thus proposing that this “error” stems frompeople misinterpreting UQS as GS and from GS being defaults (simpler, more easilylearned and processed) instead of involving quasi-universal quantification, which wasthe learned view from semantics. In the current paper we aimed to test the “Generics asDefault” (GAD) hypothesis by comparing GS and UQS in three different age ranges.Our data show that, overall, participants accept GS more often than they reject UQS.Moreover, we also confirm a hypothesized interaction between age and NP type (GSvs UQS). Further, we present several data points that are not predicted by the GAD,including an observed decline in the accuracy of GS in the older group of children aswell as in adults with respect to younger children, and that children fail at rejectinggenerics that adults reject.

Introduction

We start by presenting the main empirical result of this book: a crosslinguistic typology of MOST, which distinguishes between two types of proportional MOST (MOSTdist and MOSTcum) that can occur in both non-partitives and partitives and two types of MOST that are specialized for partitives. We proceed by presenting our main syntactic assumptions and the semantic analyses we proposed for each of the MOSTs we identified.The crucial semantic distinction is between a “distributive” MOST, which compares cardinalities of sets of atoms, and a “cumulative” MOST, which involves measuring plural and mass entities with respect to a whole. Then, we discuss the main semantic analyses proposed in the literature. The last section presents the empirical evidence against Hackl’s (2009) superlative analysis of most.

On how Chalcedonian Christology can be affirmed without the errors of Eutychianism and Nestorianism: A reply to Joshua Farris

Summary In a recent article published in NZSTh, Joshua Farris follows up on the previous discussion between James Arcadi and myself concerning the abstractist/concretist Christological distinction. While affirming the significance of my Divine Preconscious Model (DPM) of the Incarnation, he argues that I either misunderstand the abstractist/concretist distinction or have a novel take on it, and that I seem to confuse the metaphysical abstract/concretist distinction with a semantic distinction. His constructive proposal is that I should take up an abstractist Christology. I respond to his criticisms and show that his proposal fails to note one of the most important contributions of DPM, viz. it demonstrates how Chalcedonian Christology can be affirmed without the error of Eutychianism on the one hand and Nestorianism on the other.

Normality and normalcy: A case of -ity/-cy doublets in the BNC

Corpus-based research into derivational morphology can explain how affixes function, answer questions about their productivity and its relation to their synonymy, and clarify the rivalry between certain affixes and their semantic distinction. The aim of this research is to establish the similarities and differences between the nouns normality and normalcy by contrasting the suffixes -ity and -cy they contain in the British National Corpus (BNC). The focus is on the collocates which precede the nouns and the sources in which they appear. The attempt is also to understand what characterises the suffixes and their distribution. By focusing on normality and normalcy, we examine how lexical items behave in an electronically-stored corpus and whether a strong connection between meaning and form manifests itself in different word patterns highlighting different aspects of meaning.

Educator–Counselor: A Nondual Identity for School Counselors

In this special issue, the editors and each team of contributing authors offer examples of how a combined identity as educator–counselor can affect the various roles and responsibilities associated with school counseling. The suggestion that school counselor identity is always both educator and counselor is neither trivial nor a semantic distinction. Reshaping the narrative to suggest that school counselors are situated as educators who are oriented by counseling has the potential to mitigate much of the role ambiguity that has persisted in the profession for decades and, more important, has the potential to sharpen practice and contribute to greater student and schoolwide outcomes.

A corpus study of kasama ‘companion’ in Tagalog

This paper presents a corpus-based study of a number of different types of previously undescribed constructions formed with the Tagalog noun kasama ‘companion’. Apart from independent and attributive uses, kasama frequently occurs as the predicate of an adjunct clause that can introduce a comitative participant, a semantically depictive secondary predicate, an event-oriented adjunct, or a predicative complement. The study analyses the frequency of kasama in all of these types of constructions and looks into their specific properties. This includes: the semantic distinction between additive and inclusory constructions with kasama; animacy agreement between arguments of kasama in additive constructions; variation in case marking of arguments of kasama; the preponderance of the absence of linkers – commonly known to introduce adverbial clauses in Tagalog – which are used to attach the kasama clause to the main clause; attested controllers of the kasama clause; positions available for the kasama clause in the sentence. Variation in case marking and compatibility with linkers suggests a classification of Tagalog adjunct clauses similar to that of Tagalog adverbials and prepositions. There is also some evidence to believe that kasama is being grammaticalized as a preposition. Comitative and semantically depictive constructions with kasama, which account for a quarter of the corpus sample, have never been studied before, despite the fact that Tagalog is included in several typological studies on comitative and depictive constructions.

Ablutions and Remembrances

Статья посвящена определению этимологии слов «омовение» и «помовение», показана принципиальная разница между вышеуказанными понятиями на основе богослужебных указаний и исторической практики, упомянуты размышления по данному вопросу великих церковных святителей и деятелей. Основополагающим для данного исследования является эмпирический метод, включающий изучение главы 54 Устава XVI в. архиепископа Геннадия Новгородского, учительного известия, являющегося приложением Служебника, «Настольной книги священнослужителя» С. В. Булгакова и «Толкового Типикона» М. Н. Скабаллановича; анализ полученных сведений, наблюдение. В данном исследовании отражено отличие Устава современного и Устава архиепископа Геннадия Новгородского в части указаний о благоговейном практическом отношении до, во время и после Святой Евхаристии для мирян и священнослужителей; показано различие смысла слов «омовение» и «помовение» на базе Священного Предания; акцентируется важность того, что приобщённый Святых Христовых Тайн священнослужитель, выйдя же из церкви, не сразу приступит к какому либо делу, но некоторое время пребудет в молитвах и размышлении, а также воздержится от излишнего вкушения пищи, пития и сна. Всё это ради любви и чести к Небесному Царю Господу нашему Иисусу Христу, Которого причастившийся принял в обитель своей души и стал сотелесным Христовым Телом. The article is dedicated to etymology of the words «ablution» and «lustration». The author shows a gross difference between the abovementioned concepts by dint of liturgical notions and historical philosophies, applies to great Church’s saints and figures. The mainstay of the essay is empirical method which includes the analysis of chapter 54 from the Typicon written by arch bishop of Novgorod Gennady, the scholastic news which are the appendix of the Priest’s Service Book, «Desk book of priest» by Bulgakov S. V. and «Explanatory Typicon» by Skaballanovich M. N.; the analysis of received information and observation. This essay contains the difference between modern Typicon and Typicon written by archbishop of Novgorod Gennady in XVI century. This dif ference regards the instructions about reverent practical attitude to the process before, during and after Eucharist for people and clergy. There is a semantic distinction between the words «ab lution» and «lustration» in the article. The author shows important emphasis about priest, who takes communion in Eucharist. This priest should get down to any business, but he should be in pray, meditate and abstain from excessive eating, drinking and sleeping. All these restrictions are for the sake of love and honor to our Heaven’s Father - Lord Jesus Christ, because priest, who takes communion in Eucharist, becomes part of God’s soul and body.

The emergence of word order conventions: improvisation, interaction and transmission

When people improvise to convey information by using only gesture and no speech (‘silent gesture’), they show language-independent word order preferences: SOV for extensional events (e.g., boy-ball-throw), but SVO for intensional events (e.g., boy-search-ball). Real languages tend not to condition word order on this kind of semantic distinction but instead use the same order irrespective of event type. Word order therefore exemplifies a contrast between naturalness in improvisation and conventionalised regularity in linguistic systems. We present an experimental paradigm in which initially-improvised silent gesture is both used for communication and culturally transmitted through artificial generations of lab participants. In experiments 1 and 2 we investigate the respective contributions of communicative interaction and cultural transmission on natural word order behaviour. We show that both interaction and iterated learning lead to a simplification of the word order regime, and the way in which this unfolds over time is surprisingly similar under the two mechanisms. The resulting dominant word order is mostly SVO, the order of the native language of our participants. In experiment 3, we manipulate the frequency of different semantic event types, and show that this can allow SOV order, rather than SVO order, to conventionalise. Taken together, our experiments demonstrate that where pressures for naturalness and regularity are in conflict, naturalness will give way to regularity as word order becomes conventionalised through repeated usage.

Loke on the Abstractist/Concretist Christological Distincton: A Semantic Problem or a Metaphysical Problem?

SummaryOriginating from the Evangelical Philosophical Society’s Panel Discussion at the American Academy of Religion 2017 on themes in Andrew Loke’s Christological work, Kryptic Christology, the present article isolates one important issue that began as discussion in Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie between James Arcadi and Andrew Loke on the nature of Christ’s human nature according to abstractism and concretism. Upon summarizing the debate, I make two claims. After I take a fresh look at the state of the analytic Christological literature, I, first, suggest that Loke is not consistent with the common descriptions of abstractism/concretism as stated in the analytic literature. And, second, I argue, based on Loke’s own words, that he confuses a metaphysical distinction with a semantic distinction.