Ablutions and Remembrances

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Игорь Михайлов
Keyword(s):  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Distinction

Статья посвящена определению этимологии слов «омовение» и «помовение», показана принципиальная разница между вышеуказанными понятиями на основе богослужебных указаний и исторической практики, упомянуты размышления по данному вопросу великих церковных святителей и деятелей. Основополагающим для данного исследования является эмпирический метод, включающий изучение главы 54 Устава XVI в. архиепископа Геннадия Новгородского, учительного известия, являющегося приложением Служебника, «Настольной книги священнослужителя» С. В. Булгакова и «Толкового Типикона» М. Н. Скабаллановича; анализ полученных сведений, наблюдение. В данном исследовании отражено отличие Устава современного и Устава архиепископа Геннадия Новгородского в части указаний о благоговейном практическом отношении до, во время и после Святой Евхаристии для мирян и священнослужителей; показано различие смысла слов «омовение» и «помовение» на базе Священного Предания; акцентируется важность того, что приобщённый Святых Христовых Тайн священнослужитель, выйдя же из церкви, не сразу приступит к какому либо делу, но некоторое время пребудет в молитвах и размышлении, а также воздержится от излишнего вкушения пищи, пития и сна. Всё это ради любви и чести к Небесному Царю Господу нашему Иисусу Христу, Которого причастившийся принял в обитель своей души и стал сотелесным Христовым Телом. The article is dedicated to etymology of the words «ablution» and «lustration». The author shows a gross difference between the abovementioned concepts by dint of liturgical notions and historical philosophies, applies to great Church’s saints and figures. The mainstay of the essay is empirical method which includes the analysis of chapter 54 from the Typicon written by arch bishop of Novgorod Gennady, the scholastic news which are the appendix of the Priest’s Service Book, «Desk book of priest» by Bulgakov S. V. and «Explanatory Typicon» by Skaballanovich M. N.; the analysis of received information and observation. This essay contains the difference between modern Typicon and Typicon written by archbishop of Novgorod Gennady in XVI century. This dif ference regards the instructions about reverent practical attitude to the process before, during and after Eucharist for people and clergy. There is a semantic distinction between the words «ab lution» and «lustration» in the article. The author shows important emphasis about priest, who takes communion in Eucharist. This priest should get down to any business, but he should be in pray, meditate and abstain from excessive eating, drinking and sleeping. All these restrictions are for the sake of love and honor to our Heaven’s Father - Lord Jesus Christ, because priest, who takes communion in Eucharist, becomes part of God’s soul and body.

scholarly journals Mechanistic-empirical approach to evaluate new and rehabilitated flexible pavements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wais Mehdawi
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Design Guide ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Empirical Design

The Mechanistic-Empirical Design provides more insight into pavement behaviour and performance than the 1993 AASHTO empirical method. The new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under the National Corporation Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-37A. A hierarchical approach is employed upon traffic, climate and materials input to produce pavement performance predictions of smoothness and numver of distress types. One of the most significant changes offered in the Mechanistic Empirical Design Guide (ME PDG) is the difference in the method used to account for highway traffic loading. Traffic volume and traffic loads, the two most important aspects required to characterize traffic for pavement design are treated separately and independently and its use-oriented computational software implements an integrated analysis approach for predicting pavement condiditon over time that accounts for the interaction of traffic, climate and pavement structures. The recently developed guide for mechanistic-empirical (M-E) design of new and rehabilitated pavement structures will change the way in which pavements are designed by replacing the traditional emprirical design approach in the AASHTO 1983 Guide. The M-E Pavement Design Guide will allow pavement designers to make better-informaed decisisions and take cost-effect advantage of new materials and features. However, the proposed design guide is substantially more complex than the 1983 AASHTO design guide. It requires more imput values from the designer. There is limited availability of the data for many MEPDG inputs. This project report presents the Mechanistic-Empirical approach of Pavement Design for New and Rehabilitated Flexible Pavements using the new ME PDG. The main objectives of the report are: (1)to demonstrated how the Mechanistic-Empirical design of pavement is more precise than the existing empirical method, (2)to explain the software input and output parameters, (3)to present a complete overview of the M-E design process and to gain a thorough understanding of the materials, traffic, climate and pavement design inputs required for M-E design.

ISLAM W DOŚWIADCZENIU ŚW. JANA DAMASCEŃSKIEGO

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Piotr Bortkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Divine Power ◽  
Saint John ◽  
John Of Damascus ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
The Difference

According to saint John of Damascus, Islam is one of the Christian sects. The difference between Islam and Christianity is mainly in understanding Logos (Logos as an eternal Word of God) and “logias” – the words of God that were revealed and written down. Christians understand Logos as the eternal Word of God directed to people by God. This Word is Jesus Christ. Meanwhile, Muslims refer to Jesus as a prophet and teacher. The Word of God for them is Koran, but initially it was also the Holy Bible. Muslims could not comprehend the person of the Holy Spirit and perceived Him only as a Divine power. Nevertheless, the biggest problem for Muslims living at the time of John of Damascus was to understand the embodiment.

scholarly journals Covenants as an echo of the Eucharist. Typos of Lord’s Supper in the Old Testament

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-44
Author(s):  
Sergiy Victorovich Sannikov
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
External Action ◽  
Lord's Supper ◽  
The People ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Important Sign ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Concept Of Law

The article uses typological understanding of the Lord's Supper to analyze Old Testament text. Intertextual hermeneutics, which connects the lexical units of various parts of texts for comprehensive understanding allowed to see an echo of the Eucharist in Old Testament. One of the most expressive prototypes or typos of the Lord's Supper in the Old Testament is the idea of the Covenants and changing of the covenants. The author analyzes the concept of testament and all cases of using this term in Old Testament texts, and concludes that the word “berith” in the biblical text cannot be identified only with the concept of contract, agreement or union. Also, it cannot be identified only with the concept of law, command or statute. The Testament should be taken holistically, combining different meanings of this concept. In this way, the “berith” describes the idea of a specific agreement, which has the character of a bloody decree. Therefore, on the basis of biblical ideas, the concept of a covenant in a broad sense can be presented as a relationship between God and people, which can be described as a God-initiated contract of a personal-corporate nature, which provides for mutual obligations. This kind of relationship is characterized by a fixed immutability and is accompanied by signs, evidence and a special memory procedure. Therefore, in the Old Testament period, we can confidently talk only about the Covenant with Noah, Abraham and Moses, who were revealed and showed their inner, spiritual essence in the New Testament of Jesus Christ. Only in these cases did the signs of covenant relations in the narrow sense be revealed, namely: God's initiative, personal-corporate relations, the invariability and obligatory commemorativeness are caused. Other ancient covenants do not contain a complete religious component and are not eucharistic prototypes. An important sign of the typos of the Lord's Supper in the Old Testament is the blood of the covenant. All covenants were accompanied by the shedding of sacrificial blood, which indicated the sacrifice of Christ and its echo in the Eucharistic cup. This emphasizes the difference between “berith” as a covenant and “berith” as a commandment or statute. Bloodless covenant are not testaments in the full biblical sense of the word. The idea of a testament as a bloodline expresses the highest seriousness of mutual testamentary obligations. That is, a Testament is an inviolable contract, the non-fulfillment of which threatens death. An additional feature of the testament, as shown in the article, was the theophanic Presence. It manifested itself not only at the time of the covenant, but also in an invisible way throughout its validity. The establishment of a covenant relationship has always been associated with theophany and could not have been otherwise, because the covenant is always personal, so God considered it necessary to show a personal presence at this crucial time. The author proves that in all pre-Christian covenants there is a single prototype line that was revealed in Jesus Christ. By the faith and merit of the ancestor, his descendants enter into the covenant and enjoy the benefits and blessings of their predecessor, as well as inherit all his obligations to God. The people of the New Testament enjoy all the benefits and advantages not because of their own merits, but only because of the merits of Jesus. The sign of entering into the Covenant of Jesus is water baptism (Col. 2: 11-13), which, as an external action, plays the role of a spiritual sign that indicates spiritual circumcision as a clipping of all sins. Thus, the intertextual analysis of the New Testament and Old Testament texts revealed the typos of Lord's Supper and shows the Christ as a single one, who determines the conditions of the covenants and makes it valid.

Estimation of Velocity Structures in the Grenoble Basin, France, Using Pseudo Earthquake Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio from Microtremors

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-653
Author(s):  
Eri Ito ◽  
Cécile Cornou ◽  
Fumiaki Nagashima ◽  
Hiroshi Kawase
Keyword(s):  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Spectral Ratio ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
Strong Linear Correlation ◽  
Large Velocity ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Based on the diffuse field concept for a horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquakes (eHVSR), the effectiveness of eHVSRs to invert P- and S-wave velocity structures down to the seismological bedrock (with the S-wave velocity of 3  km/s or higher) has been shown in several published works. An empirical method to correct the difference between eHVSR and a horizontal-to-vertical ratio of microtremors (mHVSR), which is called earthquake-to-microtremor ratio (EMR), has also been proposed for strong-motion sites in Japan. However, the applicability of EMR outside of Japan may not be warranted. We test EMR applicability for the Grenoble basin in France with plentiful microtremor data together with observed weak-motion recordings at five sites. We thereby establish a systematic procedure to estimate the velocity structure from microtremors and delineate the fundamental characteristics of the velocity structures. We first calculate the EMR specific for the Grenoble basin (EMRG) and calculate pseudo eHVSR (pHVSR) from EMRG and mHVSR. We compare the pHVSRs with the eHVSRs at five sites and find sufficient similarity to each other. Then, we invert velocity structures from eHVSRs, pHVSRs, and mHVSRs. The velocity structures from eHVSRs are much closer to those from pHVSRs than those from mHVSRs. We need to introduce a number of layers with gradually increasing S-wave velocities below the geological basin boundary from a previous gravity study because the theoretical eHVSR of the model with a large velocity contrast has larger peak amplitudes than the observed. The depth of the S-wave velocity of 1.3  km/s (Z1.3) shows a strong, linear correlation with the geological boundary depth. Finally, we apply our validated methodology and invert velocity structures using pHVSRs at 14 sites where there are no observed earthquakes. The overall picture of Z1.3 at a cross section in the northeastern part of the basin corresponds to the geological boundary.

scholarly journals Mechanistic-empirical approach to evaluate new and rehabilitated flexible pavements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wais Mehdawi
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Design Guide ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Empirical Design

The Mechanistic-Empirical Design provides more insight into pavement behaviour and performance than the 1993 AASHTO empirical method. The new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under the National Corporation Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-37A. A hierarchical approach is employed upon traffic, climate and materials input to produce pavement performance predictions of smoothness and numver of distress types. One of the most significant changes offered in the Mechanistic Empirical Design Guide (ME PDG) is the difference in the method used to account for highway traffic loading. Traffic volume and traffic loads, the two most important aspects required to characterize traffic for pavement design are treated separately and independently and its use-oriented computational software implements an integrated analysis approach for predicting pavement condiditon over time that accounts for the interaction of traffic, climate and pavement structures. The recently developed guide for mechanistic-empirical (M-E) design of new and rehabilitated pavement structures will change the way in which pavements are designed by replacing the traditional emprirical design approach in the AASHTO 1983 Guide. The M-E Pavement Design Guide will allow pavement designers to make better-informaed decisisions and take cost-effect advantage of new materials and features. However, the proposed design guide is substantially more complex than the 1983 AASHTO design guide. It requires more imput values from the designer. There is limited availability of the data for many MEPDG inputs. This project report presents the Mechanistic-Empirical approach of Pavement Design for New and Rehabilitated Flexible Pavements using the new ME PDG. The main objectives of the report are: (1)to demonstrated how the Mechanistic-Empirical design of pavement is more precise than the existing empirical method, (2)to explain the software input and output parameters, (3)to present a complete overview of the M-E design process and to gain a thorough understanding of the materials, traffic, climate and pavement design inputs required for M-E design.

scholarly journals An Empirical Method of Estimating Soil Thermal Inertia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tian ◽  
Hongbo Su ◽  
Honglin He ◽  
Xiaomin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fourier Series Analysis

A method of estimating soil thermal inertia (STI), which uses midday soil heat flux (Gm) and diurnal surface temperature amplitude as the inputs, is presented in the paper.Gmis achieved from an empirical relationship between net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flux (G). To validate the STI method, a method proposed by Verhoef, which requires STI and a Fourier series analysis on surface temperature, is used to estimate diurnalG. By comparing diurnalGestimates and diurnalGmeasurements, the STI method is evaluated indirectly. The results show that the diurnal curve ofGestimates can coincide with that ofGmeasurements for bare soil, with the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.64, bias of 10.1 W·m−2, and root mean squared errors (RMSE) of 40.9 W·m−2. For the vegetated surface,R2is 0.56, bias is −11.9 W·m−2, and RMSE is 49.2 W·m−2. The large uncertainty in the estimation ofGmresulting from the wider variation of the empirical relationship between Rn andGand the difference between mixed surface temperature and soil surface temperature may be the two primary factors for the larger deviation of the diurnal shape and the magnitude betweenGestimates andGmeasurements for the vegetated surface.

scholarly journals The Study of Regularities of Changing Melting Enthalpy of Intermetallides of Magnesium–Lantanoids Systems Rich in Magnesium

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
I. R. Ismoilov ◽  
E. S. Dodkhoev ◽  
R. A. Ismoilov ◽  
S. Z. Nazhmudinov ◽  
A. B. Badalov
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Content ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Melting Enthalpy ◽  
State Function ◽  
Electrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Process Indicator ◽  
Metal Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

Providing a reasonable forecast of the required properties of intermetallic compounds (hereinafter also referred as intermetallides or IM) is an important scientific and commercial problem, which may be solved by focusing scientific researches and permanent generation of knowledge in this field. To date, researches in chemistry and physics of IM have been developing empirically for a simple reason, due to the complexity of describing the relationship between the crystal structure and chemical bonds, and, therefore, between all the properties of IM. IM is mainly characterized by metal type of chemical bond, as well as specific metallic properties. At the same time, among IM, there are also salt-like compounds with ionic bond, i.e. valency compounds formed from elements of different chemical nature, being stoichiometric compounds. The examples of such compounds are compounds with intermediate bond type, i.e. ionmetal and covalently-metal, as well as covalent bond types (e.g., NaAu). In the series of compounds of Mg with elements of the IV subgroup, along with decreasing the difference in the electrochemical characteristics of the components, the change in the IM properties is observed, from those peculiar to ionic compounds (for example, Mg2Si, Mg2Ge) to the properties typical of metals (Mg2Pb), etc. Due to the fact that lanthanides form the largest group of elements of the periodic system occurring in nature, and Mg is a relatively active chemical element in terms of IM formation (for example, it forms three IM with cadmium - Mg3Cd, MgCd and MgCd3), its oxides in slag provide decreasing average silicon content and increasing the stability of the silicon content in iron, being an important process indicator in the course of physicochemical reactions occurring in a blast furnace (for example, in the process of iron production). The presence of Si impurity (along with O, Au, Ti, V, Zr) produces the greatest effect on efficiency of solar cells, etc. [1–3]. Based on the foregoing, it is very important to study the state function, i.e. enthalpy of magnesium-lanthanide systems, rich in magnesium, and, based on the results of computer simulation, taking into account molecular dynamics method and other similar studies [4–8], to model regularities of changes in melting enthalpy of IM of the mentioned systems. The issue of modeling the pattern of change in melting enthalpy of IM of magnesium-lanthanide (Mg-Ln) magnesium-rich systems is considered based on systematic analyzing melting enthalpy of IM of Mg-Ln magnesium-rich system, including Mg2Ln, Mg3Ln and equimolar compound MgLn, implemented using semi-empirical method developed by N.S. Poluektov.

scholarly journals A philosophical and theological insight towards understanding the difference between the concepts of authority and power

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojalefa L.J. Koenane ◽  
Mokhele J.S. Madise
Keyword(s):  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Multiple Messages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

In this article, we seek to clarify the difference between the two concepts: authority and power. We are well aware that, in our everyday language, these two concepts are erroneously used interchangeably. This is because people take it for granted that these concepts mean exactly the same thing. We disagree: these concepts may have a relationship; however, they do not always denote the same meaning. Some people are of the opinion that because they are in authority, they must ‘lord it over’ others. Sometimes, there are multiple messages from conflicting authorities; in such cases, which authority must be obeyed? Our purpose is to critique this view and suggest the one that we believe is tenable, which is authority as service, an idea that is promoted by Jesus Christ in the Gospels.

scholarly journals KAJIAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL KENDARAAN ANGKUTAN PENUMPANG UMUM KOTA MALANG

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khoirul Abadi
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Director General ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Transport Vehicle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

Almost of Malang public passenger transport vehicles (APU) that operates has reached 17years or more. APU renewal vehicles opinion offered by the Government has always rejected by theoperator. Though Performance of a city depends on the quality of transportation system performance,including the performance of public passengers transportation. This study aimed to produce aconstructive information to support the APU vehicles renewal in public passenger transport operationMalang better. This study has an empirical method, refers to the decision of Director General ofLand Transportation No.687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002 and the Minister of Transportation Decree No.89/2002. The results of the study showed that the average of the vehicle operating costs (renewalvehicles) is Rp. 121,906,736, -/year or Rp. 1.671, -/km. Based on the average of the number ofpassengers (actual), it is shown that the difference of the average between acceptance of the tariffand the vehicle operating cost is Rp. 143,121.79 per-vehicle per-day.Keyword: public passenger transport, vehicle operating cost

scholarly journals The Diaspora Chinese Gospel: Pursuit of Success on Philippians 3:7-14

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Rev. Wenhui Gong
Keyword(s):  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Culturally Relevant ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
The Core ◽  
Shame Culture ◽  
In Christ ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gospel Message

Traditional Western guilt-based culture evangelical tools are not effective when reaching out to non-Western people ingrained with an honor/shame culture, such as the Diaspora Chinese. This in-depth exegesis of Philippians 3:7-14 from the standpoint of Paul's pursuit of success, along with personal testimony, stories, and experiences from the author's life, presents a culturally relevant perspective to reach Diaspora Chinese for the Gospel. The goal of Paul's pursuit was a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, not worldly success. The way of his pursuit was to achieve righteousness through faith in Christ. The difference in emphasis between sin in a guilt-based culture and righteousness in an honor/shame culture is an important distinction. Paul continued his pursuit by pressing on to reach others with the message of relationship and righteousness with Christ. He focused on "one thing," the prize, his missions to reach others with the Gospel message. The Gospel message must be contextualized for the recipients but the core must never change. Contextualization is the dynamic process to deliver the Gospel message in a concrete cultural situation.

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