Operative communication: project Cybersyn and the intersection of information design, interface design, and interaction design

This article examines the connecting lines between the Chilean Project Cybersyn’s interface design, the German Hochschule für Gestaltung Ulm and its cybernetically inspired approaches towards information design, and later developments in interaction design and the emerging field of Human–Computer Interaction in the USA. In particular, it first examines how early works of designers Tomàs Maldonado and Gui Bonsiepe on operative communication, that is, language-independent (and thus internationalizable) pictogram systems and visual grammars for computational systems, were intertwined with attempts to ground industrial design in a scientific methodology, to address an era of computing machines, and to develop the concept of the interface as a heuristic for a renovated design thinking. It thereby also reconstructs further historical vanishing lines—e.g. the pictorial grammar of Otto Neurath’s ISOTYPE—of the development of the ‘ulm model’ of design. Second, the article explores how an apprehension of first-order cybernetics in West Germany—e.g. represented by hfg ulm staff like Max Bense or Abraham Moles, merged with Cybersyn’s second-order cybernetics ideas, as represented by Stafford Beer’s Viable System Model. And third, it asks about a further conceptual turn regarding an understanding of design which resulted in a focus on communicative interaction, e.g. in the later works of Fernando Flores and Terry Winograd on HCI, or in Beer’s Team Syntegrity approach. As an effect, the text will explore a specific and international network of cybernetic thinking between Latin America, Europe, and North America which emerged around Project Cybersyn, and which was occupied with questions of HCI, a democratization of design, and intelligence amplification.

Contributions of Socioneuroscience to Research on Coerced and Free Sexual-Affective Desire

Neuroscience has well evidenced that the environment and, more specifically, social experience, shapes and transforms the architecture and functioning of the brain and even its genes. However, in order to understand how that happens, which types of social interactions lead to different results in brain and behavior, neurosciences require the social sciences. The social sciences have already made important contributions to neuroscience, among which the behaviorist explanations of human learning are prominent and acknowledged by the most well-known neuroscientists today. Yet neurosciences require more inputs from the social sciences to make meaning of new findings about the brain that deal with some of the most profound human questions. However, when we look at the scientific and theoretical production throughout the history of social sciences, a great fragmentation can be observed, having little interdisciplinarity and little connection between what authors in the different disciplines are contributing. This can be well seen in the field of communicative interaction. Nonetheless, this fragmentation has been overcome via the theory of communicative acts, which integrates knowledge from language and interaction theories but goes one step further in incorporating other aspects of human communication and the role of context. The theory of communicative acts is very informative to neuroscience, and a central contribution in socioneuroscience that makes possible deepening of our understanding of most pressing social problems, such as free and coerced sexual-affective desire, and achieving social and political impact toward their solution. This manuscript shows that socioneuroscience is an interdisciplinary frontier in which the dialogue between all social sciences and all natural sciences opens up an opportunity to integrate different levels of analysis in several sciences to ultimately achieve social impact regarding the most urgent human problems.

Social Interaction: Communicative Approach

The article focuses on the study of requirements for communication in the social sphere and justification of their specificity in comparison with other types of verbal interaction. The relevance of the stated problem is determined by the significant influence of social communications on society and the dependence of public safety on the effectiveness of social interaction. The study aimed at identifying the types of violations of commonly known maxims in the social sphere and substantiating the specificity of requirements for social communicative interaction. Two main methods were used in the research: projecting and modeling. The well-known communication maxims were divided into two groups. The first group contains those that define the requirements for organizing the content of the message and are aimed at ensuring the fullness of its perception by the addressees. The second group includes maxims, which establish requirements for the moral climate of communication and the implementation of the principle of politeness. The data of interviews given by representatives of governmental bodies to journalists of certain TV channels and blogs, as well as the analysis of Internet news videos revealed the types of violations of the well-known maxims of communication in the social domain. The main ones are: ignoring the maxims of the second group in interviews and non-compliance with the maxims of the first group in news programs. It has been proved that the well-known maxims of communication need to be revised taking into account the conditions of social contact discourse. The specificity of maxims in social communicative interaction was substantiated.

Modelling of communicants' strategic plans in personal German-language interview

This article describes and tests the author's methodology for analyzing the specifics of interaction and the implementation of communicants' strategic plans in personal German-language interview. The author's understanding of the personal interview as a communicative event, in which the interaction of communicative processes of varying degrees of complexity and structure is implemented, implies a detailed study of the conditions and nature of each of them. In order to study communicative activity and features of interaction in the personal German-speaking interview, which has such characteristics as goal-setting and spontaneity, ritualization and self-organization, the presence of subject-logical and psycho-social plans of interaction development, the author undertakes to develop a comprehensive method of analysis. The material for the study in this article was an interview with the renowned German literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki Hasste Marcel Reich-Ranicki wirklich die Frauen?. The linguistic material was examined in detail using a transcript of the video interview created with the FOLKER / Exmaralda programme (Institut fr Deutsche Sprache) in accordance with the GAT2 transcription system. The complex method of analysis described in this article is based on the theoretical postulates and practical methods of the current trends in modern linguistics and communication research. It enables the study of the peculiarities of communicative interaction and the analysis of verbal realization of communicants' strategic programs. As a result of the application of the described complex method of analysis the author identified structural and discursive units of analysis and made a conclusion that the core of the interviewer's strategic program forms the strategy of information request with the dominance of tactics of argumentation and establishing and maintaining intersubjective relations. The interviewee's strategic program is constituted by the strategy of self-presentation, the core of which in this interview are the tactics of enhancing one's own image and the tactics of informing.

Principal stages of speech pragmasemantic sense formation and methods of its analysis

The article is devoted to peculiarities and differences of two linguistic fields semantics and pragmatics. The objective of the work is to state the extent of participation of semantic and pragmatic parameters in the process of sense formation. The relevance of the study is beyond doubt, since the pragmasemantic analysis of discourse functional space helps to identify the potential of linguistic means in the process of forming meanings and their transformation into integral sense under the influence of contextual factors, and to determine optimal ways of expressing communicative intention of the author of the discourse and of providing adequate understanding of the sense by the referent. The author also describes main features, differences and similarities of the concepts text and discourse. The specificity of semantic and pragmatic meanings, their correlation and the degree of participation in formation of discourse functional space are analyzed. On the basis of this, the algorithm for pragmasemantic sense formation is deduced. The author emphasizes that the initial meaning is formed by a semantic meaning, in the process of speech actualizing it is supplemented with a pragmatic meaning, which is further transformed into a pragmatic and semantic and communicative-pragmatic sense. This process is illustrated by fragments from works of fiction by contemporary English-speaking authors. The research uses semantic and pragmatic analysis and discourse analysis as the principal methods. The author describes their features, and proves the viability of their application to the object of the research. The author comes to the conclusion that the pragmasemantic analysis of English discourse makes it possible to understand the mechanisms of formation of meanings and sense of a speech work. The contribution of both semantics and pragmatics to the overall communicative interaction is undeniable, since any communication is necessarily analyzed taking into account semantic and pragmatic aspects.

VISUALIZATION OF MATHEMATICAL TRAINING CONTENT FOR FUTURE CAR DRIVERS AS A CONDITION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCES

Statement of the problem. The rapidly improving, easily accessible, well-designed and reliable digital technology transforms all spheres of life, including educational system. The expected results of the federal project “Modern school” include updating of contents and technologies of teaching general education programmes, including ones in professional educational organizations by the end of 2024. Active use of interactive sheets of mathematical content, contributing to not only intellectual and cognitive activities, but also to development of communicative skills among secondary vocational education students, is relevant. This requires that mathematics teachers should understand better the concepts of visualization of educational content and master new tool programmes for their creation and integration into the educational process. Vizualization tools can be not only maps, scale matrices, presentations, educational films, and printed workbooks, but also interactive, multimedia worksheets created on educational platforms that can be accessed from any smartphone, tablet, and computer at any time if this access is available. This individualizes educational process and develops communicative skills among future mid-level professionals, because the labor market places new demands on graduates with secondary vocational education which imply certain professional competences of future mid-level managers. The purpose of article is to determine the reasons for visualization of mathematical training material, its structure, instruments for its creation and application in the educational process. Methodology of research includes the principle of system quantization and cognitive visualization. Research results. The need to visualize training material used in mathematics classes has been identified and justified; the structure of worksheets has been presented; tools for development and use of interactive worksheets stimulating development of communicative interaction has been proposed. Conclusion. The article defines the technologies of educational content visualization as conditions for development of students’ communication competences in mathematics education. Worksheet structure has been identified and validated, digital tools for their creation and use in face-to-face and distant training in mathematics classes have been tested.

Branding and image as the basis of successful promotion of cafés in lviv wihin the instagram social network

The purpose of the article is to analyze the methods, techniques, branding, and image strategies practiced by cafés in Lviv in the social network of Instagram in the context of SSM activities; determine the specifics of image tools in terms of communicative interaction with the target audience; identify the criteria for successful positioning in the social network Instagram for food establishments. Methodology. The analytical method, methods of description, comparison, and generalization were used to perform the research. Scientific novelty. The image characteristics of popular food establishments are investigated; the criteria of image positioning of cafés in Lviv are determined; the features of image and communication tools that are actively practiced interacting with the target audience are analyzed. Conclusions. Today, image and brand have become important criteria of trust in companies, giving them the opportunity to be one step ahead of competitors. The key goal of the image is to get a positive attitude of consumers to the company/brand. Important criteria for successful positioning in the social network of Instagram for food establishments are visual design, emotional characteristics, the well-chosen context of information content. In the image activity of the researched cafés in Lviv, in the Instagram network: techniques of creating a bright image (naming, branding) are practiced; techniques of forming a positive attitude; techniques to enhance the image and enhance the influence of the image. Key words: image, brand, image-building, corporate identity, positioning, social network, target audience, communication, communicative processes.

Language Policy of the CIS Countries: Current State and Prospects

Language policy issues are inextricably linked with the socio-political vectors of development of a state. The significance of this problem field is actualised with a number of examples from modern history, when the "language issue" became a source of social tension, led to various kinds of conflicts, including interstate ones. The article is devoted to the analytical study of the modern specifics of language policy in the CIS countries. Research attention is focused on nine states that are active members of the integration association (Ukraine, which de facto does not participate in the activities of the Commonwealth, and Russia are not considered due to the presence of administrative national autonomies and the number of different ethno-cultural communities, as well as the need to reflect in the work the peculiarities of the functioning of the Russian language, which has a special status in the region). The practice of implementing the language policy pursued in the CIS countries allows to generalize and compare the experience of states that have relatively recently received sovereignty and the ability to form an appropriate agenda independently. The analysis made it possible to identify the general directions of language policy, typical for individual countries: 1) protection of the languages of the titular nation with the consolidation of their status as the only state and official for all spheres of communicative interaction (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Uzbekistan); 2) carrying out an alphabetical reform in order to switch to the Latin alphabet (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Uzbekistan); 3) implementation of the policy of state bi- or polylingualism (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan); 4) attempts to solve precedent linguistic problems (nomination of the state language for Moldova, the status of the Russian language for Armenia and Georgia).

DEATH ANXIETY IN THE KILLER PERSONALITY STRUCTURE WITH TRANSCENDENT PURPOSE

Статья посвящена рассмотрению феномена страха смерти в психологии так называемых трансцендентных убийц («некрофильского типа личности»). На сегодняшний момент не существует единого мнения относительно факторов надежно детерминирующих преступную участь человека, вопрос по-прежнему составляет предмет научных дискуссий. В психолого-криминологических типологиях не представлена рассматриваемая категория убийц, несмотря на то что многие отечественные и зарубежные исследователи описывали подобный тип личности, широко использовали термин «социальный некрофил» и ему подобные. В статье раскрывается психологическая основа преступного поведения. Описывается роль тревоги в механизме формирования бессознательных насильственных установок. Объясняется психологический смысл убийств, совершаемых социальными некрофилами. Автор акцентирует внимание на парадоксальности, специфичности отношения убийц с трансцендентными влечениями к смерти: страх перед ней и одновременное стремление к ней на основе душевного сродства (особой формы личностных смыслов) для реализации как осознаваемых, так и бессознательных целей. Подчеркивает принципиальную важность самопознания в жизни каждого индивида, образующего смысл жизни, дающего ощущение полноты и радости. Задается вопросом о роли внутриутробного периода развития плода в механизме «психологического рождения» в момент появления на свет. В представленном аналитическом материале, преимущественно благодаря трудам Ю. М. Антоняна и открытиям психоаналитического направления в науке, уточняется и предлагается определение исследуемой категории убийц. В дискуссионном стиле проводится обзор различных теорий, гипотез, научных воззрений, исследующих истоки и значение страха смерти в механизме преступного поведения убийц с трансцендентными влечениями. Приводятся авторские умозаключения по исследуемому в статье вопросу. Статья поможет представителям правоохранительных органов глубже понимать психологические механизмы и причины преступного поведения, использовать полученные знания при раскрытии преступлений, эффективнее выстраивать линию коммуникативного взаимодействия с описанным типом личности в ходе производства следственных действий. The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of death anxiety in the psychology of the so-called transcendental murderers («necrophilic personality type»). At the moment, there is no consensus regarding the factors that reliably determine the criminal fate of a person; the issue is still the subject of scientific discussions. In psychological and criminological typologies, the considered category of murderers is not represented, despite the fact that many domestic and foreign researchers described this type of personality, widely used the term «ocial necrophile» and the like. The article reveals the psychological basis of criminal behavior. The role of anxiety in the mechanism of the formation of unconscious violent attitudes is described. The psychological meaning of the murders committed by social necrophiles is explained. The author focuses on the paradoxicality, specificity of the relationship of murderers with transcendental drives to death: fear of it and the simultaneous striving for it on the basis of emotional affinity (a special form of personal meanings) for the realization of both conscious and unconscious goals. Emphasizes the fundamental importance of self-knowledge in the life of each individual, forming the meaning of life, giving a feeling of fullness and joy. Asks the question about the role of the prenatal period of fetal development in the mechanism of "psychological birth" at the time of birth. In the presented analytical material, mainly thanks to the works of Yu. M. Antonyan and the discoveries of the psychoanalytic direction in science, the definition of the investigated category of murderers is specified and proposed. In a discussion style, a review of various theories, hypotheses, scientific views, exploring the origins and significance of the fear of death in the mechanism of the criminal behavior of murderers with transcendental drives, is carried out. The author's conclusions on the issue investigated in the article are given. The article will help law enforcement officials to better understand the psychological mechanisms and causes of criminal behavior, use the knowledge gained in solving crimes, and more effectively build a line of communicative interaction with the described personality type during the production of investigative actions.

Health Promotion Discourse in Modern Media (Based on the Texts of the National Health Service, United Kingdom)

Health promotion discourse is a relevant object of linguistic analysis as in its texts verbal and non-verbal means of communication are used to make a pragmatic impact on the largest possible audience. This article aimed to identify the characteristic features of health promotion discourse in modern British media. The material included texts on obesity published on the official website of the National Health Service (NHS) of the United Kingdom, which represents government policy in the health sector. The study applied the methods of descriptive interpretive analysis, as well as contextual, and discourse analysis. This paper defines health promotion discourse as a communicative interaction on disease prevention issues and health awareness. In addition, it indicates the main features of media texts and their implementation in health promotion discourse. The authors found that NHS media texts on health promotion are characterized by common features of media discourse: a specific topic-based structure, an active usage of visual and graphic techniques, as well as multimodality, interactivity, and coverage of burning issues (health-related, in this case). Moreover, these texts have features inherent in media texts of online medical discourse, such as linguistic and therapeutic orientation (reflected in speech acts of advice expressed with varying degrees of categoricalness), targeted inclusiveness, and stylistic convergence (mixing of different functional styles). In addition, on the basis of the material studied, the paper identifies the following strategies specific to health promotion media texts: personal choice, developing trust in the author, and creating an image of the author as a friend. These strategies act as tools to achieve the main function of health promotion discourse, i.e. to influence the readers in order to maintain their health and prevent diseases.