Legal Review of the Government's Responsibility in Compensating for the Damage Caused by the COVID-19 Crisis

The onset and spread of COVID-19-related disease and the measures taken by the government to combat it have given rise to several legal issues. The most important of these issues can be considered the government's legal framework in the fight against this disease and the responsibility for compensation. Examining the first issue through Iran's current laws and regulations, it became clear that choosing the appropriate legal framework in the fight against this disease could be more than the basic and ordinary regulations. Instead of creating a national headquarters to fight COVID-19 under council approvals, the Supreme National Security Service shall use the capacities of the crisis management organization and the relevant law and the provisions of Article 79 of the Iranian constitution.

Lightweight VLSI Architectures for Image Encryption Applications

Lightweight cryptography offers significant security service in constrained environments such as wireless sensor networks and Internet of Things. The focus of this article is to construct lightweight SPN block cipher architectures with substitution box based on finite fields. The paper also details the FPGA implementation of the lightweight symmetric block cipher algorithm of SPN type with combinational S-box. Restructuring of traditional look-up-table Substitution Box (S-Box) sub-structure with a combinational logic S-box is attempted. Elementary architectures namely the basic round architecture and reduced datawidth architecture incorporating look-up-table and combinational S-Box substructure are compared in terms of area and throughput. Proposed restructure mechanism occupies less FPGA resources with no comprise in the latency and also demonstrates performance efficiency and low power consumption in Xilinx FPGAs. Robustness of the proposed method against various statistical attacks has been analyzed through comparison with other existing encryption mechanisms.

Służba na rzecz totalitarnego państwa jako przesłanka obniżenia zaopatrzenia emerytalnego funkcjonariuszy zatrudnionych w organach bezpieczeństwa w latach 1944–1990

The paper describes term of service in a totalitarian state as a basis for reducing the pension of officers employed in the security service in the years 1944–1990. The legislators decided to hold liable the officers of the communist political police by reducing their pensions again, 26 years after the transformation. In this aspect, the crucial issue is the concept of service in a totalitarian state. The thesis of the paper is that the qualification of service in a totalitarian state cannot be determined only by formal conditions, that is, the time and place of service, but should also take into account substantive criteria, especially violation of the fundamental rights of individuals by former officers.

Problems of Criticism of the Communist Poland’s Security Service (SB) Files as Historical Sources

Despite the passage of 20 years since the opening of the archives of the former SB, historians have not developed the principles of criticism of SB files as historical sources, which is conducive to the so-called playing with folders, and consequently the destruction of historical narrative and social life. Among researchers and publicists, an affirmative attitude towards the SB files has been created, causing their criticism to be ignored. Researchers ignore the requirement to separate the theoretical-ideological and rhetorical layers of SB operational files. They also neglect to study the credibility of their authors. Rafał Łatka gave a justification for the affirmative attitude to the SB files. It has been shown that this justification is logically erroneous, and the affirmative attitude to the SB files is contrary to the rational concept of the historical source and to the examples of the lack of credibility of these files. Several ways of creating questionnaires to examine the credibility of SB files were proposed. The first question that was proposed: Was the work of officers and their superiors in the field of interest to the researcher focused on efficiency or on the statistics of results? Further proposals suggest questions about the internal control of the case under investigation. It was justified that it is not enough to state the fact of registration of a given person by SB as a collaborator, because it is necessary to demonstrate specific cooperation. It was justified that the reliability of a note decreases exponentially as a function of the number of intermediaries between it and the facts. The need to ask about the intentions of the officers doing reports, which could be related to their professional careers, the expectations of superiors, the need to demonstrate results, etc., was indicated. The need to investigate deviations of the examined case from the ideal instructional pattern was also indicated. Studies of the reliability of files have their ethical aspect. Studies that may threaten good name of the persons concerned should meet the highest methodological standards and be guided by the principle of in dubio pro reo.

ANALISIS FORMULASI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DALAM MENJAGA STABILITAS HARGA PANGAN DI KABUPATEN PANGKEP

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 1) untuk menganalisis formulasi kebijakan pemerintah dalam menjaga stabilitas harga pangan beras Kabupaten Pangkep. 2) Untuk menganalisis faktor penghambat dan pendukung dalam membuat formulasi kebijakan stabilitas harga pangan beras Kabupaten Pangkep. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dimaksudkan dapat menggali informasi sebanyak mungkin dari masalah penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 1) Formulasi kebijakan pemerintah dalam menjaga stabilitas harga pangan beras Kabupaten Pangkep bahwa ada kebijakan pemerintah dalam menjaga stabilitas harga pangan beras Kabupaten Pangkep, karena pihak dinas ketahanan pangan daerah kabupaten pangkep selalu mengkoordinasi dengan dinas ketahanan pangan provinsi dan juga selalu ada pengawasan dari dinas ketahanan pangan kabupaten pangkep terhadap pihak produsen atau penjual beras di pasar sentral pangkep dalam menjaga harga beras agar masyarakat tidak keberatan membeli beras, dan untuk sampai sekarang ini pihak produsen atau penjual mengikuti Pasal 56 UU No. 18 Tahun 2012 dan Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2020 Tentang Penetapan Harga Pembelian Pemerintah Untuk Gabah Atau Beras pada pasal 3 ayat 1 poin c. 2) Faktor penghambat dan pendukung dalam membuat formulasi kebijakan stabilitas harga pangan beras Kabupaten Pangkep bahwa dari faktor penghambat pihak pemerintah masih berupayah agar gapoptan yang ada di kabupaten pangkep memiliki mesin penggiling yang menghasilkan beras premium untuk mengurangi dan membatasi pembeli gabah dari luar kabupaten pangkep faktor cuaca dan pupuk, karena cuaca sangat berpengaruh dalam mengeringkan gabah dan pada saat selesai menggiling gabah. faktor pendukung dalam penetapan harga pada tingkat produsen sebagai pedoman pembelian pemerintah sebesar Rp 8.300,00 yaitu operasional terhadap harga beras dan gabah meningkan maka pihak Dinas Bulog dan denas ketahanan panagan selalu melakukan pasar murah agar harga beras dan gabah turun, dengan cara mensterilkan harga beras dan gabah di kabupaten pangkep. The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the formulation of government policies in maintaining the stability of food prices for rice in Pangkep Regency. 2) To analyze the inhibiting and supporting factors in formulating a policy for food price stability in Pangkep Regency. This research method using qualitative research methods is intended to be able to dig up as much information as possible from the research problem. The results showed that 1) The formulation of government policies in maintaining the stability of rice food prices in Pangkep Regency that there was a government policy in maintaining the stability of rice food prices in Pangkep Regency, because the Pangkep Regency regional food security service always coordinated with the provincial food security service and there was always supervision. from the Pangkep district food security service to rice producers or sellers in the Pangkep central market in maintaining rice prices so that people do not mind buying rice, and so far the producers or sellers have followed Article 56 of Law no. 18 of 2012 and Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2020 concerning Determination of Government Purchase Prices for Grain or Rice in article 3 paragraph 1 point c. 2) The inhibiting and supporting factors in formulating the policy for food price stability in Pangkep Regency are that of the inhibiting factors, the government is still trying to ensure that Gapoptan in Pangkep Regency has a grinding machine that produces premium rice to reduce and limit unhulled buyers from outside Pangkep Regency. and fertilizers, because the weather is very influential in drying the grain and when finished grinding the grain. the supporting factor in determining the price at the producer level as a guide for government purchases of Rp. 8,300.00, namely the operation of increasing the price of rice and unhulled rice, the Bureau of Logistics and Food Security Denas always conduct a low-cost market so that the price of rice and unhulled rice decreases, by sterilizing the price of rice and rice. grain in Pangkep district.

Afghan aid flows will resume, bypassing the Taliban

Significance The Taliban government has allowed UN agencies to start paying salaries directly to teachers and healthcare workers. It initially stalled on this, but has now conceded for fear of losing legitimacy if it fails to address the looming crisis. Impacts Western concerns about reprisal killings of former security service members will further complicate relations with the Taliban. The public-sector wage payment scheme established by UN agencies may become the norm for many years. Taliban restrictions on female employment will have long-term economic impacts but will fall down the list of Western priority concerns.